March of the Titans

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March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 5: Born of the Black Sea - The Indo-European Invasions

PART V: THE HISTORY OF THE SWASTIKA

Few symbols are as well known in the world today as the swastika. While it is common perception that the swastika is a German Nazi Party symbol, it is in fact far older that the Nazi Party, and its origin lies in the Sanskrit language carried by the Indo-European peoples throughout their migrations.

THE SUN WHEEL AND SWASTIKA IN HISTORY

One of the symbols the Aryans had was the sun wheel, representing the sun and originally meaning "well being". Originally a letter of the ancient Indo-European Sanskrit language, this emblem was carried by Celts, Germans and Slavs throughout their wanderings, with the Celtic Cross later incorporated into Christian symbolism. The sun-wheel was developed into the sign known today as the swastika and incorporated into the Indo-Aryan's religion, from where it was transported over into the Hindu religion, which sprang from a corruption of the Indo-Aryans' beliefs. This is the reason why the swastika can be seen to this day in Hindu temples.

As an enduring symbol of the Indo-European peoples wherever they went, the swastika is found in all the lands where these people settled. Some examples:

1. The Swastika in India:

Above: The swastika can be seen on a carving called an ayagaptha, in Mathura, India. The emblem is one of the last remains of the tribe of Nordic Indo-Europeans - who called themselves Aryans - who invaded India. In that land, they were eventually absorbed into the overwhelming non-White mass, creating the caste system still present in that country to this day.

2. The Swastika in Classical Greece:

Above: An example of how the swastika was also used as a symbol in Classical Greece. Here it can be seen as a decoration on the clothing of a picture of Athene, the Goddess of Wisdom, the arts and war - and also patron of the city of Athens. This detail is from a Greek vase dating from approximately 500 BC.

3. The Swastika in Classical Rome:

Above: The Indo-European origins of the Romans - in particular the Latini tribe - are apparent through their liberal use of the swastika as an emblem. Here the swastika can be seen upon the Ara Pacis Augustae: the altar built to commemorate the peace established by Augustus, consecrated 4 July 13 BC. The swastika can also be seen in a virtually identical format in many Classical Greek designs: hence it is often called a "Greek key" pattern.

4. The Swastika in the Viking era

Above: The Indo-European origins of the Vikings is illustrated by this detail from a very well preserved Viking ship uncovered by archeologists in Scandinavia, known as the Osberg ship, circa 800 AD. A handle mount on a bucket found in the ship depicts a figure carrying a shield with four swastika sun emblems in its corners. The fact that the swastika appears as a symbol from Scandinavia to Italy to India indicates precisely how far the Indo-European influence was felt.

5. The Isle of Man Triskelion, ca. 10 Century AD.

According to the islanders, this symbol was of Norsk [Norwegian] origin, and was displayed on the armorial bearings of the Kings of Norway. The Triskelion also appears on this 6th Century B.C. Greek vase - further evidence of cultural links through race and time:

6. The Swastika and Adolf Hitler

Above: The sun wheel, or swastika, was a symbol in the ancient Nordic Indo-European language, Sanskrit, meaning "well being" or "good", from the fact that the sun was regarded as a source of goodness. This symbol was carried by invading Indo-Europeans into Europe, India and even China. The ancient link to the Indo-European people was then the reason why Adolf Hitler chose the swastika as his movement's emblem, as pictured here.

7. The Swastika in Western Architecture

Prior to its demonizing through its association with Adolf Hitler, the swastika was a popular motif in much of western architecture, from the Opera Building in Paris through to the front door of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Far left: The entrance to the 'Met' and alongside, a close-up view of the swastika motif, prominently displayed over the heads of thousands of unsuspecting visitors.

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March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 6: To The Ends Of The Earth - Lost White Migrations

PART ONE: CHINA, CANARY ISLANDS

In addition to the great White Indo-European migrations, several other waves of White migration occurred, varying in number, influence and spread - the most spectacular being a White settlement in North America dating from approximately 7000 BC.

Knowledge of these migrations has been lost for centuries - in some cases thousands of years - but due to relatively recent archeological finds, have now been rediscovered. In this way Nordic and White Mediterranean remains - sometimes preserved naturally, sometimes preserved through artificial means - have been discovered in China, the Canary Islands and in North America - most of them many thousands of years old.

The discovery of these mummies shows without question that early White migrations across seas and continents took place - it is just the exact numbers of individuals who undertook these migrations which is still a matter of debate.


THE TOCHARIANS - THE GREAT LOST WHITE CIVILIZATION IN CHINA

One of the furthermost eastern migrations of Celtic peoples - Indo-European Nordics - reached the Takla Makan desert (situated between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tibet) in China around 1500 BC.

This great migration was unknown until the 1977 AD discovery of 3500-year-old graves of these people. As a result of the natural dryness of the environment, many of the corpses are almost perfectly preserved, with their reddish-blond hair, long noses, round eyes and finely woven tartan clothing (usually associated with the Celts in Scotland), showing undeniably White racial traits.

The Tocharians: the Great Lost White migration to China.
The Chinese civilization always contained stories of blue-eyed and blonde-haired leaders who were the originators of Buddhism and who were the first leaders and organizers of Chinese society. These stories were always regarded as pure legend until the 1977 discovery of the graveyards of the Tocharians in the Takla Makan desert in China. The Tocharian mummies - naturally preserved in the dry desert sands are unequivocally clear Nordic racial types. The graveyards lie near the ruins of the great Tocharian cities, built along the famous Silk Route. It is beyond doubt that Whites settled in China, and the Chinese legends of White influence on that civilization may yet have some basis in fact.
Above left: The first Tocharian Nordic mummy to be found: a White female with long blond hair, finely preserved by the arid desert atmosphere of the Takla Makan desert. Right: A Tocharian man with red-blond hair; his clear European features still visible after nearly 3,500 years in his desert grave in China.

These people have become known by the language which they spoke: Tocharian. The civilization which they built consisted of great cities, temples, centers of learning and art - they were also the builders and maintainers of the original Silk Road - the path for trade between the West and China itself.

It was originally thought that the Chinese built the great cities along the Silk Road, but the discovery of the remains of the original people of this region now shows that the impressive ruins which still lie, undisturbed, along that road, are the remains of a great lost White civilization.

The first White mummy in the region was discovered by accident in 1977 after shifting sands uncovered a female corpse whose body had been mutilated, presumably in some act of war.

Excavation around her corpse uncovered a further 16 mummies, so perfectly preserved by the desert that traces of tears were found on the face of a mummified infant. Fully dressed bodies have been found wearing finely woven woolen textiles with Celtic patterns, leather shoes and jewelry. The desert conditions proved so exceptional that even pieces of bread used as offerings were preserved intact alongside what is the world's oldest saddle.

In one grave, excavators discovered a saddle cover and a pair of trousers with drawings of humans on one leg - one face had blue eyes.

Tocharian mummies reveal Indo-European origins of early Chinese Civilization
Above: A Tocharian female mummy with long flaxen blond hair, perfectly preserved in ponytails. Items of weaved material, identical to Celtic cloth, definitively proved the Indo-European origins of the Tocharians, who not only built the fantastic Silk Road cities which today lie deserted, but who are also credited with bringing Buddhism, horses, the saddle, and iron working to China. Chinese legend maintains that the first Chinese emperors - who brought unity and civilization to China - had fair or blue eyes. This legend can now be confirmed as fact.
Above left and right: One of the most famous Tocharian mummies found, the so-called "Beauty of Loulan"; and right, her face as reconstructed by an artist.
Above left : a close-up of a Tocharian male, and right, a swastika decoration found on a clay bowl recovered from the Tocharian grave sites. The swastika was part of the original Indo-European language, meaning "well being" and the fact that the swastika is today widespread in China as a good luck charm is an indication of just how far the Tocharian influence was felt throughout that country.

By the early 1990s, over a thousand Nordic corpses had been uncovered from the graveyards in the region (called Wapu); but by 1998, the Chinese government had halted further archeological expeditions to the area, quite likely for fear of exposing yet more ancient European faces to the world.

The current inhabitants of the surrounding lands, who are obviously not pure Chinese and who speak a form of Turkish, rather than Chinese, have been agitating for independence for some time.

The discovery of the White mummies has served to highlight their racial and ethnic differences from the Chinese and the issue has become a political hot potato for that country's government.

However, some of the mummies which have already been uncovered are still on display in a local museum, while others lie in storerooms slowly deteriorating.


CHINESE EMPERORS WITH BLUE AND GREEN EYES

The new finds are forcing a re-examination of old Chinese books that describe historical or legendary figures of great height, with deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, full beards, and red or blond hair. Scholars have traditionally scoffed at these accounts, but it now transpires that these accounts were correct.

One of these accounts can be found in the song to the great general Lü by the Chinese poet Li He circa 790-816 AD) in his "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" :

Song: General Lü General Lü, The valiant-hearted, Riding alone on Scarlet Hare, Out of the gates of Ch'in, To weep at Gold Grain Mound By funeral trees. Inscrutable that vaulted azure, Arching over earth, This is the way the world wags In our Nine Provinces. Gleaming ore from Scarlet Hill! Hero of our time! Green-eyed general, you well know The will of Heaven! (Emphasis added. Translation from Goddesses, Ghosts, and Demons - - The Collected Poems of Li He (790 - 816), Translated by J.D. Frodsham, North Point Press, San Fransisco, 1983

While it is unknown as to what the exact influence these Whites had upon the Chinese civilization, it has been the subject of speculation - based upon old Buddhist manuscripts - that the tenets of the Buddhist religion may have been brought to the Far East by these Tocharian Celts.

The existence of the Tocharians may also explain another great mystery of China: the existence of step pyramids near the city of Xian in Qui Chan province. These pyramids are without precedent in China but which were common to White civilizations.

Above: One of a number of European style step pyramids (similar to Silbury Hill, England - see chapter 3) which can be found in near the city of Xian, Qui Chauan province, China. Can these mysterious (and very un-Chinese) structures be linked to the Tocharians? Another tantalizing clue of Indo-Europeans in China is the fact that the swastika - the ancient Sanskrit symbol for well being - is also common in China as a good luck charm.

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE TOCHARIANS

With the advent of time, these White peoples mixed with Mongolian tribes surrounding them, and so in this way vanished - but the physical features of the people living in this part of China show very clearly part White and part Mongol traits - and differ substantially from other inhabitants of China, with blond hair not being unknown amongst them.

Once again, these present day physical features are the living proof of yet another great lost White migration. Thus it was that the White civilization of China vanished through racial mixing. Only the crumbling ruins of their cities and their corpses remain as silent witnesses of their era.

Above: This 900 AD painting from the caves at the Buddhist monastery at Bezeklik, Turfnan, Central Asia, depicts Tocharian worthies donating trays of moneybags to a Buddhist saint. Note the light hair and blue eyes of the Tocharian on the right, the last remnants of the Indo-European invaders of China.

For genetic evidence of Europeans in ancient China, click here.


THE GUANCHES OF THE CANARY ISLANDS

Off the coast of West Africa lie the Canary Islands - this region became home to a mysterious group of Nordics in antiquity who became known as the Guanches.

While it is unknown for sure how they arrived on the islands, what is known is that they shared a number of cultural characteristics with the ancient Egyptians and that their building style appears to have been replicated in South and Central America.

Like the Celtic Tocharians, the finest evidence of what these original Guanche Nordics looked like, is in the fortuitous existence of original Guanche mummies, which are on public display in that island group's national museum. The corpses on display are estimated to be between 600 and 1000 years old.

Above: Guanche mummies, with red hair and other Nordic features - the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands. They are likely to be the original Cro-Magnons.

An examination of one of the mummies' bodies showed incisions that virtually matched those found in Egyptian mummies, although the string used by the Guanche embalmers to close the wounds was much coarser than would have been used by the Egyptian experts.

The Guanches also possessed the art of writing, although this has not yet been the subject of any major study.


THE GUANCHE PYRAMIDS ON THE CANARY ISLANDS

However, the most stunning link between the Guanches and the Egyptians comes in the form of pyramids - the Guanches built several small step pyramids on the islands, using exactly the same model as those found in ancient Egypt and in Mesopotamia. The pyramids have an east-west alignment which also indicates that they probably had a religious purpose, associated with the rise and setting of the sun.

Carefully built stairways on the west side of each pyramid lead up to the summit, which in each case has a flat platform covered with gravel, possibly used for religious or ceremonial purposes.

Above left: One of the Pyramids of Guimar, Canary Islands. Right: A Mayan pyramid in Central America (Chichen Itza). The resemblance is unmistakable. There is strong evidence to suggest that Whites used the Canary Island current to cross the Atlantic Ocean and influence the Central and Southern American civilizations in pre-Columbian times.

GUANCHE TYPE PYRAMIDS FOUND IN MEXICO

The famous explorer, Thor Heyerdahl, who "rediscovered" the pyramids on the Canary Islands and who set up an academic body to study the phenomena, argued that the pyramids may be remains from explorers who sailed the Atlantic in ancient times, and who may have possibly forged a link with the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas.

As the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands were fair-haired and bearded, it was possible, Heyerdahl suggested, that long before the 15th Century, people of the same stock as those who settled the Canary Islands, also sailed the same route along the Canary Current that took Christopher Columbus to the Americas.

This theory formed the basis of Heyerdahl's famous "RA" expeditions in which he showed that is was possible to cross the Atlantic in an Egyptian reed boat.

In fact Columbus' starting off point was the Canary Islands, where he obtained supplies and water on Gomera, the island next to Tenerife. The Guanches on Tenerife in 1492 did not permit Columbus to land on their island - they were not impressed by the physical appearance of the bearded Europeans, who looked like the Guanches themselves.

When Columbus and the Europeans who followed in his wake landed in the Americas, they were welcomed and initially worshiped as gods, since the beardless Indians they encountered believed that the Spanish belonged to the same people as the legendary founders of their civilization, bearded men from across the Atlantic Ocean.

According to the Aztec and Olmec (Central American Amerind) legends, their god, Quetzalcoatl, had Nordic features (eyes and hair color) and a beard. This god came from over the sea and taught the Amerinds how to raise corn and build structures.

There is indeed a marked similarity between the step pyramids to be found on the Canary Islands and those to be found in Central and South America, strongly suggesting yet another great lost White migration, this time to Central and South America, perhaps a thousand years or more before Columbus.

Above: The position of the Canary Islands and the route of the Canaries Current to and from the Americas. The existence of the red-haired Guanches on the Canary Islands, combined with the red-haired pre-Columbus mummies found in South America and the marked similarity in pyramid building styles, indicate that Whites probably used the Canaries Current to cross the Atlantic, most likely between 2000 and 500 BC. Columbus himself used the Canaries Current, setting out from the Canary Islands on his first crossing of the Atlantic in 1492 AD.

There is also clear evidence from the Mexican side of the Atlantic Ocean that Whites - blond-haired Whites - reached that part of the world long before the Spanish explorations of the late 1490s.

Below is a pre-Columbian wall painting which can be found in the Temple of the Warriors, Chichen Itza, on the east coast of Mexico. The first depicts White prisoners after their capture by the dark-skinned natives, and the second, shows a White man with long blond hair being sacrificed by the non-Whites. It is worthwhile to remember that these paintings date from BEFORE Christopher Columbus sailed the Atlantic in 1492.

The wall painting above, has been reconstructed as an actual scene (photo below) and is on display at the Parque Etnografico, the museum set up on the Canary Islands around the site of the pyramids which is open to the public.

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE GUANCHES

Guanche artifacts, such as cave murals, tombs, stone and mortar walls, broken pottery and other everyday items are abundant on the island. Similar artifacts have been found on the African continent itself - notably in Morocco, indicating that at some stage the Guanches crossed the sea to Africa.

There they started mixing with Arabic and other non-White racial types on the African continent itself. This process is very likely to be the cause of some flashes of blond hair and light colored eyes still to be found amongst the Berber population of north west Africa to this day.

The pyramids and other structures on the islands seem to have been constructed by an advanced people - certainly by the time of the Spanish invasion, the Guanches had lost much of their civilized apparel, and Spanish accounts have it that they were attacked by naked tribesmen, who sometimes inflicted serious military defeats upon the invading Spaniards. It was only in 1496 that the Spaniards finally defeated the last of the Guanches.

The arrival of the White Spanish in the mid 14th Century saw the remaining Nordic Guanches absorbed into the new settler population. The blond, blue-eyed, tall stock has been preserved in part, and can still be seen today in many individuals on the island. Culturally speaking, the Guanche civilization was completely absorbed by the imported continental European culture, so that the Canary Islands remains Spanish territory to this day.

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March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 6: To The Ends Of The Earth - Lost White Migrations

PART TWO : NORTH AMERICA , SECTION A

7000 BC - THE FIRST WHITES IN AMERICA

One of the most enigmatic of the lost great White migrations is the existence of Whites in North America from at least the year 7,000 BC. This stunning discovery is comparatively recent and has been backed up by the discovery of a number of skeletal remains and one mummy on that continent which show clear White racial traits, as opposed to the Amerind (American Indian) racial traits, which are Mongolian (Asiatic - the original homeland of the Amerind peoples).

It is beyond dispute that White tribes reached China - compared to the distances those Whites traveled, it would have been a relatively short hop across the rest of Asia to the Bering Straits (which divides Asia and North America) and then into the North American continent. This was exactly how the Amerinds got to North America; there is no reason why advanced groups of Whites could not have traveled this route even before the Amerinds.

It is equally possible that early Whites could have sailed from Western Europe, hugging the last ice pack along its coast line past present day Greenland - other evidence (reviewed below) supports this possibility.


SPIRIT CAVE MUMMY - USED DIAMOND PLAITED TEXTILE MATTING

In 1940, a body, which had become mummified above the waist, was unearthed in a cave called the Spirit Cave in the state of Nevada, USA. The mummified body was well preserved. Its scalp was complete, skin remained on the back and shoulders as well as a small tuft of straight dark hair, which changed to reddish-brown when exposed to light and air. The mummy had a bad back and had suffered, but survived, a skull fracture.

The Spirit Cave Mummy, Nevada, USA :
Physical Evidence of Whites in North America, 7000 BC.
	Alongside: An artist's impression of the Spirit Cave Mummy at the time of its discovery. Discovered in 1940, but only analyzed racially in 1994, this 9,000 year old mummy was discovered in a cave in the modern day state of Nevada, USA. The skeletal structure is clearly that of a White male - putting Whites on that continent either prior to, or simultaneous with, the originally Mongoloid Amerind population.
Below: A reconstruction of the face of the Spirit Cave Mummy, based on a cast of the skull, showing the various stages used in the reconstruction process (As published in Newsweek, US edition, 26 April 1999). The Spirit Cave Mummy was the first - but not the last - ancient White remains found in America and has forced a rethink on exactly who are "Native Americans".

Other artifacts were discovered in the Spirit Cave: knives, baskets, and animal bones - 67 pieces in all. The mummy was found lying on a fur blanket dressed in a twisted skin robe with leather shoes on its feet and a twined mat sewn around its head and shoulders. A similar mat was wrapped around the lower portion of the body and bound under the feet. Woven bags and other everyday artifacts were found nearby. Two bags contained ashes and bone fragments of two other people who had been cremated.

The style of weaving used in the textiles is of an advanced form, known as diamond-plaited matting. The complex textiles in Spirit Cave demonstrate a degree of sophistication in material technology that rivaled any on the planet at the time, and the preservation of these textiles exceeds any of comparable age.

The mummy became known as the Spirit Cave Mummy, and was placed in the Nevada State Museum's storage facility for decades. Only in 1994 was the mummy "rediscovered" and the startling truth revealed: tests showed that the corpse was 9,400 years old - a 45-55 year old male - and, most importantly, not an ancestor of any modern Indian tribe.

The age was determined by performing seven separate radiocarbon-dating tests on samples of bone, hair and the two reed mats in which he was buried. The Spirit Cave Mummy's White racial traits are undeniable - the mummy has a long, small face, and a large cranium, in sharp contrast to the Mongoloid features of American Indians. The Spirit Cave Mummy represents some form of White settlement or incursion into North America around the year 7000 BC.

The Nevada State Museum went public with its findings on the Spirit Cave Mummy in 1996. Immediately the issue sparked a furor, with the American Indians demanding that the corpse be reburied in accordance with tribal custom - falsely claiming the Spirit Cave Mummy as one of their own.

The Amerind tribe involved, the Paiutes, laid claim to the corpse under an American law, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, which allows for the return and reburial of bodies of "Native Americans".

An extended legal dispute arose over the issue of to whom the corpse actually belongs. As part of the legal wrangling, the Paiute have consistently refused to allow DNA testing of the corpse.

This is not the only case where American Indians have blocked the study of obviously non-Amerind remains. Another case, that of Kennewick Man (detailed below) was similarly held up by Indian objections; and in 1993 another skeleton was found near Buhl in the state of Idaho.

The latter remains were some 10,600 years old, making them the oldest ever found in North America. The skeleton was however turned over to local Indians, the Shoshone-Bannock tribe, and reburied before any comprehensive testing could be undertaken.

In this way several unique anthropological specimens have already been returned to, and buried by, Indian tribes. In Montana, naturally shed human hair discovered by one archeologist elicited an Amerind claim. Although the hair had not been buried in any kind of ritual, the US federal government has prevented testing of the hair to commence.

The reasons for the American Indian sensitivity over the issue are obvious- proof that Whites - even if only in small numbers - walked the continent of North America before the Amerinds themselves would undermine the latter's claim to be the original "Native Americans". For the sake of political correctness, much valuable scientific data is being suppressed.

KENNEWICK MAN - WHITE RACIAL TYPE 7200 BC

Above The skull of a 9,000 year old White racial type discovered in North America: Kennewick Man, found in the Kennewick River in Washington State, USA. Artifacts found in the surrounding area suggests he was part of a larger community. Right: A reconstruction of the face of Kennewick Man, based on the skull. The features are clearly not American Indian and show clear White characteristics.

On 28 July 1996, another dramatic find was made in the state of Washington in the north western United States: on that day a well-preserved skeleton was found in the Columbia River in Kennewick. This skeleton has become known as Kennewick Man as a result. The nearly intact skeletal remains, found with a stone arrowhead lodged in the pelvic bone, are so obviously White, that forensic anthropologists and local police first thought them to be those of a 19th Century White male, about 45 years old, who was killed by an arrow.

Radiocarbon dating of a finger bone, however, showed it to have great age - at least 9000 years old, putting the individual on the North American continent around the year 7200 BC. Like the Spirit Cave Mummy, Kennewick Man's White racial traits are the cause of much controversy.

As with the Spirit Cave Mummy, local American Indian tribes filed claims for possession of Kennewick Man. After a protracted legal dispute, scientists won the right to forensically examine the remains, a project completed in 1999.

Initial examination of Kennewick Man's skull shows very clearly the White, even Nordic, cranial structure, differing greatly from the Amerind Indian (Mongoloid) skull shape of American Indians. The skeleton is nearly complete, missing only the sternum and a few small bones of hands and feet. All the teeth are present. The man was tall - 170 to 176 cm and of slender build. Kennewick Man lacks definitive characteristics of the classic Mongoloid stock to which the Amerinds originally belonged - the skull is dolichocranic (cranial index 73.8) rather than brachycranic, the face narrow rather than broad and flat. (The average cranial index for Nordic racial types is 74). The cheek bones recede slightly and the lower rim of the orbit is even with the upper.

Other features are a long, broad nose that projects markedly from the face and high, round orbits. The mandible is v-shaped, with a pronounced, deep chin. Many of these characteristics are definitive of modern-day White peoples.

Other nearby finds of bone needles close to the Kennewick Man's remains assume that Kennewick Man may possibly have worn tailored clothing. These astonishing finds reveal that Kennewick Man was not alone, but that he lived in a community of some sort.

In October 1999 the US Government issued a report on Kennewick Man, claiming that the skeletal remains possibly resembled the Ainu racial type (found in Japan). The Ainu also have strong Caucasian features, suggesting some type of ancient White ancestry, although this has to date not been borne out by genetic research.

Above: The skeleton of Kennewick Man.

FORK ROCK CAVE - 9000 YEAR OLD SANDALS

In Oregon there is a cave known as the Fork Rock Cave which has been the center of a number of significant non-biological finds. In 1938, seventy pairs of sandals made of sagebrush were discovered - radio-carbon dating technology dated the sandals at 9000 years old. Charcoal was also found with a radio-carbon date indicating it was 13,200 years old.

The sagebrush sandals were intricately woven, and the other items found in the cave included projectile points, scrapers, drills, a wooden trigger for a trap, small pieces of basketry and awls to make leather (or tailored clothing for the Kennewick Man and his peers), all of which indicated highly skilled workers. These differ vastly from Indian artifacts both in ancient North America and in modern Indian findings.


THE SI-TE-CAH - THE AMERINDS' WHITE ENEMIES ACCORDING TO INDIAN BELIEF

Above: The skull of Wizards Beach Man: one of the White skeletons to have been discovered on the North American continent, all dating from before 7000 BC.

A cave near Lovelock, Nevada, (about 80 miles north east of the city of Reno in that state) has produced several sets of mummies, bones, and artifacts buried under several layers of bat excrement - the desiccated bodies belonged to a very tall people - with red hair. Once again, only White Nordics fit the bill with regard to stature and hair color.

In fact, red-haired enemies feature in local Indian legends - or what were thought legends until the discovery of the Lovelock mummies. (The locals Indians are the Paiutes, the same ones who object to the scientific investigation of the Spirit Cave Mummy). According to these legends, the red haired enemies centered on these tall troublemakers whom they called the "Si-Te-Cah." Significantly, the name Si-Te-Cah means "tule eaters" - tule being the fibrous reed which is the base material of the mats in which the Spirit Cave Mummy was buried. Tule is no longer found in the region and was likely imported along with the people who used it.

Above: Skulls recovered from the Lovelock Cave, where, according to Amerind tradition, the last of a red haired tribe, the Si-Te-Cah, were exterminated. The "long" nature of one of the Lovelock Cave skulls indicate White ancestry.

According to the Paiute, the red-haired peoples were warlike, and a number of the Indian tribes joined together in a long war against them. According to the Indian legend, after a long struggle, a coalition of Indian tribes trapped the remaining Si-Te-Cah in what is now called Lovelock Cave. When they refused to come out, the Indians piled brush before the cave mouth and set it aflame. The Si-Te-Cah were incinerated.

Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, daughter of Paiute Chief Winnemucca, related many stories about the Si-Te-Cah in her book "Life Among the Paiutes."

On page 75, she relates: "My people say that the tribe we exterminated had reddish hair. I have some of their hair, which has been handed down from father to son. I have a dress which has been in our family a great many years, trimmed with the reddish hair. I am going to wear it some time when I lecture. It is called a mourning dress, and no one has such a dress but my family."

In 1931, further skeletons were discovered in the Humboldt Lake bed. Eight years later, a mystery skeleton was unearthed on a ranch in the region. In each case, the skeletons were exceptionally tall - much taller than the surrounding Amerinds.

There is a small display on the Si-Te-Cah in the Lovelock museum today, but it ignores the evidence which indicates that the Si-Te-Cah were not Amerinds. The Nevada State Historical Society also displays some artifacts from the cave.

WIZARDS BEACH MAN - PYRAMID LAKE, NEVADA

Yet another non-Amerind skeleton has been found at a place called Pyramid Lake, Nevada. The remains are known as Wizards Beach Man. This skeleton has been dated as being 9225 years old. Once again the skull shape is distinctly "long" (that is, European) and very different to the Mongoloid shape of original Amerind racial types.

The White origins of Peñon Woman III, the oldest skeleton yet discovered in the Americas, are obvious from the 'long' form of the skull, which contrasts strongly with the broad, flat, Amerind skull shape.

PEñON WOMAN - OLDEST SKELETON YET DISCOVERED

In December 2002, it was announced that a skeleton which had been in Mexico City's National Museum of Anthropology since 1959, had been identified as more than 13,000 years old - the oldest skeleton yet found in the Americas.

Dubbed the "Peñon Woman III", the skeleton's skull - typically doliocraniac, or 'long-faced' was what attracted the attention of scientists, as the Amerind population has broad Mongolian shape skulls. Scientists speculated that the skull was possibly of Ainu extraction, just like the Kennewick Man remains.


LINEAGE X - THE WHITE LINK SHOWN BY GENETIC TRACKING

Similarities between the non-Mongoloid body traits of ancient skeletal remains in North America and recent genetic studies support a link of Kennewick Man with ancient White peoples.

The genetic findings were announced in 1998 by Theodore Schurr, a molecular anthropologist from Emory University in Atlanta, at a meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Salt Lake City (Science, Vol. 280, 24 April 1998).

The new data, from a genetic marker named Lineage X, suggest definite links between ancient Whites and Native Americans.

It implies that ancient European peoples who reached North America after first, presumably, migrating through Asia, still retained a distinct genetic makeup which then passed into New World populations through later physical mingling. According to these Lineage X findings, White populations from Europe were most likely amongst the North American continent's earliest settlers.

The "Lineage X" markers and possible source populations have been studied by Emory researchers Michael Brown and Douglas Wallace, and Antonio Torroni of the University of Rome and Hans-Jurgen Bandelt of the University of Hamburg.

Lineage X, a site of genetic variation, is found in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and thus is passed only through the maternal line. It is one of five markers or haplogroups in mtDNA now identified in Native Americans, of which the other four (A-D) are shared by Asians and Amerinds, in accordance with widely accepted theories of their ancient links.

The fifth genetic marker, Lineage X, occurs at low frequencies in both modern and ancient remains of Native Americans and in some European and Near Eastern groups including Italians, Spaniards, Finns, Turks, and Bulgarians. Crucially, Lineage X does not occur in any Asian population, including those of Tibet, Mongolia, Southeast Asia, or Northeast Asia. Brown and his co-workers had expected to find it in Asia - like the other four Native American markers, and are now pressed to account for the gap in their data.

This and other evidence persuasively indicates that groups of Whites migrated from Europe to North America before 9000 years ago, and at a later stage mixed with Amerind stocks to cause this fifth genetic marker to appear in North America.

The next obvious issue is did these early White racial types leave any buildings in North America? The answer is, yes, they did, buildings virtually identical to the Megaliths of Old Europe. These astonishing structures are illustrated in Part Two.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 6: To The Ends Of The Earth - Lost White Migrations

PART TWO : NORTH AMERICA (SECTION B)


MEGALITHS IN NORTH AMERICA

As outlined in Part I of this section, there is therefore more than enough physical skeletal evidence of an early White settlement in North America - and the next logical question is if they left any buildings or structures. Predictably, they did. Although these structures have been long since known, news of their existence has been sidelined or even suppressed for the sake of the political issues mentioned earlier.


MYSTERY HILL - "AMERICA'S STONEHENGE"

The most dramatic of the early structures on the North American continent is to be found at a site called "Mystery Hill", located near the town of Salem, in the present day American state of New Hampshire. There, a 30 acre megalith site - in many respects identical to those found in Western Europe, and equally as old - has been open to the public since 1958. While diggings at the "America's Stonehenge" site has produced artifacts from most time periods, the most significant find at the site has been a Celtic (Indo-European) etching on a rock: a Celtic sun symbol, which unquestionably puts Whites at the site.

"AMERICA'S STONEHENGE"
Above: megaliths in America: Photographs of "America's Stonehenge", located at Mystery Hill, New Hampshire, United States of America. Although the site has been open to the public for decades, it is still one of America's most "unknown" structures - because of the racial implications it contains. The building technique and style is identical to the Megalith structures found in Western Europe and is completely foreign to the American Indians ("Amerinds"). The "America's Stonehenge" site has been open to the public for decades, but is still virtually unknown to the wider public - possibly a malicious suppression of an important archeological site for the political implications which it carries. Compare these pictures to the megalith pictures in Chapter 3 of this book.

In addition to these buildings, a number of iron working sites have been discovered in North America. Iron working was foreign to the Amerinds. The presence of 9000 year old White skeletal remains and these ancient structures, serves as powerful evidence of Pre-Amerind Whites in North America. All indications are that most of these Whites were exterminated in conflict with the Amerinds - with survivors being physically absorbed into the Amerind population.

Above: An etching of a Celtic sun
symbol, dating from circa 2000 BC,
found at the megalithic "America's
Stonehenge" site.

IRON WORKING SITES IN AMERICA

Archeologists and historians are of the unanimous opinion that the Red Indians did not have smelting or iron casting technology or ability - yet in a number of areas in North America, remains of iron smelting furnaces have been found, all following Indo-European designs, the likes of which had only been found in Europe. The ability to work iron was one of the single biggest advances which originated with the Indo-Europeans (as detailed in the previous chapter).

The most famous of these iron furnaces is to be found on Spruce Hill, a flat top mountain in the Scioto Valley in south central Ohio. The collapsed walls of a surrounding fort and other buildings - some 200,000 tons of cut rock - are still to be seen on the site, which was first fully explored by Arlington Mallery in 1948, and detailed in his book "The Rediscovery of Lost America" (E.P. Dutton, New York, 1979). Mallery went on to discover 14 other iron working sites, which clearly were foreign to the Amerinds ('Red Indians'), in the Deer Creek Valley, about ten miles from Spruce Hill.

What makes the iron smelting sites so significant is the fact that they are identical to Indo-European sites found in Europe itself. At some stage of pre-history, Indo-Europeans managed to sail the divide between Europe and North America.

Most likely the route taken would have followed the far north, from Scandinavia to Greenland, and then possibly hugging the ice pack coast down into the north eastern seaboard of the North American continent. More research is crucial to reveal the full extent of the lost great White migration to North America.

MEGALITHS IN AMERICA: 2
As understanding of the significance of megalithic structures in North America has spread, more such buildings have come to light. Herewith follows a spread of pictures, all illustrating the unquestioned existence of stone megaliths - structures foreign to the native American Amerinds.
Below left: The Alexander Chamber, Warwick, MA; And below right: The Shutesbury Chamber, MA, USA
Below: The remains of a stone circle, Burnt Hill, MA, USA
Below left: Harvard Chamber, Harvard, MA; Below right : Estabrok Woods Chamber, Concord, MA, USA.
Below left: A lime kiln, Bolton, MA, USA; below right: The Palmer Chamber, Palmer, MA, USA
Below left: The Sherborn Chamber, MA; and below right: "The Shrine", Shutesbury, MA, USA.

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE FIRST WHITES IN AMERICA

The evidence indicates that the first Whites in America were killed in open warfare with Amerinds (who may have arrived simultaneously, or afterwards) - and that the survivors were absorbed into what became the numerically dominant Amerind groupings.

The existence of the Lineage X gene string adds credence to this. As mtDNA is transmitted only through the female line, it is obvious that the White males were killed by the non-Whites, and the White females were taken alive by the Amerinds for sexual purposes. This can be the only reason why mtDNA gene strings have been found amongst the Amerinds. The first Whites in America therefore disappeared, along with their culture, through a process of racial integration, leaving behind only skeletons and other artifacts as evidence of their existence.

THE MYSTERY OF THE ANASAZI: COULD THEY HAVE BEEN WHITE?
For over a century, the mysterious ruins of the cliff dwellings in Nevada and elsewhere in the Western USA have baffled archeologists and historians. Square stone structures were foreign to the Amerinds, and local Indian legends themselves claimed that the buildings were first created by a mysterious people called the Anasazi, who inhabited the area before the Amerinds.
Given the "Lineage X' and other skeletal evidence proving the existence of Whites in America, either prior to or at the very least simultaneous with, the Amerinds, a strong circumstantial case could be made for White origins of the very European looking buildings which are currently shown off to tourists as Amerind created structures. Only a racial examination of surrounding gravesites will provide the final answer to the issue. There are hundreds of similar structures to be found all over the US South West: while all are attributed to Amerinds, the question can be rightly asked: if Amerinds did indeed build these structures, why were they living in buffalo skin tents when Europeans colonized that country after the 1500s?

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 6: To The Ends Of The Earth - Lost White Migrations

PART THREE: SOUTH AMERICA

THE GREAT WHITE SECRET OF EASTER ISLAND

For centuries the stone statues on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean have baffled historians - but the great Scandinavian explorer and authority, Thor Heyerdahl, in his book "Aku-Aku: The Secret of Easter Island" (George Allen & Unwin, London 1988) uncovered astonishing facts about the islands and the ancestors of the people on the island. Sadly, Heyerdahl's discoveries have been largely ignored by historians, primarily because of the racial implications they carry.

Heyerdahl discovered, as is detailed in the book mentioned above, that the leading family on the Easter Island to this day are known as the "Long Ears" - and have a great family propensity for red hair, fair skin and thin noses, in stark contrast to the rest of the island's population, who are for greatest part dark, flat nosed and black haired.

The famous statues on Easter Island: long eared, long nosed and originally with red colored hair pieces cut from red rock, they stand as evidence, along with the red-haired descendants of still living natives on the island to this day, of yet another great lost White migration.

The red-haired people on Easter Island today claim descent from a White people known as the "long ears" - so called because they wore large ear rings which elongated their earlobes, and who arrived on the island by boat at some stage in history, the exact date of which is unknown.

According to the oral tradition of the red-haired descendants on Easter Island today - who are now of mixed descent - these first red-haired White people on the island set up a kingdom under one Hotu Matua.

These "long eared" White settlers then set up buildings and as part of their construction works, carved and set up the famous stone statues - which, of course, all have long ears and long noses - again in vivid contrast to the flat nosed natives.

The stone statues have been dated at approximately 1600 years old: meaning that the settlement of the islands by these mysterious red-haired Whites must have occurred around the year 500 AD.

All the while, the tradition goes, the red-haired long ears used the dark skinned native inhabitants of the island, whom they called "short ears", as labor.

According to the legend, the White long eared people were: "an energetic people who always wanted to work, and the short ears had to moil and toil and help them make the walls and statues, which led to jealousy and dissatisfaction." (Heyerdahl, ibid., page 122).

"The long ears' last idea was to rid the whole of Easter Island of superfluous stone, so that all the earth could be cultivated. This work was begun on the Poike plateau, the easternmost part of the island, and the short ears had to carry every single loose stone to the edge of the cliff and fling it into the sea. This is why there is not a single loose stone on the grassy peninsula of Poike today, while the rest of the island is thickly covered with black and red scree and lava blocks."

Above: Easter Island - with the Poike peninsula and the Long Ear ditch marked. The Poike peninsula was where the red-haired Whites made their last stand.

RACE WAR ON EASTER ISLAND

Heyerdahl continues the narrative of the oral tradition on Easter Island: (ibid. page 123)

"Now things were going too far for the short ears. They were tired of carrying stones for the long ears. They decided on war. The long ears fled from every other part of the island and established themselves at the easternmost end, on the cleared Poike peninsula.

"Under the command of their chief Iko, they dug a trench nearly two miles long which separated the Poike plateau from the rest of the island.

"This trench they filled with a great quantity of branches and tree-trunks till it was like a gigantic far flung pyre, ready to be set on fire if the short ears on the plain below tried to storm the slope leading to the plateau.

"But one of the long ears had a short ear wife - her name was Moko Pingei and she was living up on Poike with her husband. She was a traitor and had arranged a signal with the short ears down on the plain. When they saw her sitting, plaiting a large basket, the short ears were to steal in a long line past the place where she sat.

"One night the short ears' spies saw Moko Pingei sitting and plaiting a basket right at one end of Iko's ditch, and the short ears stole one by one past the place where she sat, at the very edge of the cliff. They sneaked on along the outer edge of the plateau until they at last had completely surrounded Poike. Another army of short ears down on the plain marched openly up towards the ditch: the unsuspecting long ears lined up to face them and set fire to the whole pyre. Then the other short ears rushed forward from their ambush, and in the bloody fight which followed, all the long ears were burned in their own ditch.

"Only three of the long ears succeeded in leaping through the fire and escaping . . . One of them is called Ororoina and another Vai, but the name of the third is forgotten.

"They hid in a cave which the inhabitants can point out to this day. There they were found, and two of them were stabbed to death with sharp stakes, while the third and last, Ororoina, was allowed to remain alive as the only surviving long ear.

"Ororoina was taken to the house of one of the short ears who was named Pipi Horeko. There he married a short ear of the Haoa family and had many descendants . . . the last of which are still living on the island now." (Heyerdahl, ibid., pages 123-124).

This is the oral tradition, as recounted in Heyerdahl's' book - most certainly it in some way represents at least a partially accurate version of events: as the easternmost part of Easter Island, Poike, is indeed the only place on the island which is strangely clear of stones, and which is indeed cut off from the rest of the island by a ditch, in which evidence of a great fire has been found.

The fact that the leading family on the island to this day shows red hair and some European features, even if they have been mixed to certain degree with the non-White natives, is the clearest sign that the "long ears" were indeed White people.

Above A photograph from Thor Heyerdahl's 1955 expedition to Easter Island, as reproduced on page 223 of his 1958 book, Aku-Aku, The Secret of Easter Island. The mayor of Easter Island, Hei, who claimed to be a "pure bred" long ear is seated second from the left, front row. Second from the right, front row, is his son, Juan - who has distinct red hair. The one pure European in the group is sitting in between the mayor and his son at the rear.

It was after this great race war on Easter Island, that many of the Long Ears' statues and buildings were pulled down by the non-White natives - some were however simply too big to pull down, and it is these which remain standing today.

RED-HAIRED STATUES

Originally, many of the famous statues had separate sculptured hair pieces as well - sadly, many have been knocked off over the course of time, but some remain or have been restored by modern archeologists.

Above: Many of the statues on Easter Island had - and some still have - separate hair pieces cut out of red rock from a different part of the island. This ties in well with the island's inhabitant tradition that red-haired people erected the statues, and that the leading family on the island have a great propensity for red hair - all evidence of an early Nordic migration to the region which has now been absorbed into the population, creating a mixed racial type.

The reason why the hair pieces were carved of separate pieces of rock, lies in their color - these hair pieces were cut of red colored stone. The red colored stone was hewn from a part of the island quite separate from the place where the main statues themselves were cut. The Long Ears even cut the statues in their own image, with red hair. (Heyerdahl, ibid., pages 88-91).

SOUTH AMERICAN - RED-HAIRED INCAS

The red-haired Whites of Easter Island must have come from somewhere. Heyerdahl turned to study surrounding regions: and he found evidence of mixed race peoples, some with red hair on the Marquesas Islands, near to Easter Island.

However, Heyerdahl also found, by researching original Spanish accounts of the conquest of South America, that red-haired Incas were also present in South America as late as the 1500s.

Above: Evidence of White/Amerind mixed racial types as recorded by the Spanish at the time of their conquest of Central and South America. Left is a drawing, made by the conquistador Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, of a Quipu keeper, an important member of the administrative hierarchy of the Incas. Ayala depicted the Inca nobleman with long light colored hair and light skin. This compares dramatically with the Spanish illustration of dark haired and dark skinned Incas, right, made by Don Antonio Mendoza in 1540 for the then king of Spain, to illustrate life and customs in Mexico at the time.

The conquistador, Pedro Pizarro, reported in his account of the great Spanish invasion of South America in the 1500s, that while the masses of Andes Indians were small and dark, the members of the ruling Inca family were tall and had whiter skins than the Spaniards themselves. He mentions in particular certain individuals in present day Peru who were White and had red hair. (Heyerdahl, ibid., page 351).

Heyerdahl reported that this is reflected in the mummies found in South America - on the Pacific coast, in the desert sand of Paracas, there are large burial caves in which numerous mummies have been perfectly preserved.

Some of the mummies were found to have the stiff black hair of the Indians, while others, which have been kept in the same conditions, have red, often chestnut-colored hair, "silky and wavy, as found amongst Europeans, they have long skulls and remarkably tall bodies. Hair experts have shown by microscopic analysis, that the red hair has all the characteristics that ordinarily distinguish a Nordic hair type from that of Mongols or American Indians." (Heyerdahl, ibid., pages 351, 352).

Pizarro asked who the white skinned redheads were. The Inca Indians replied that they were the last descendants of the Viracochas. The Viracochas, they said, were a divine race of White men with beards. They were so like the Spanish that the Europeans were called Viracochas the moment they came to the Inca Empire. The Incas thought they were the Viracochas who had come sailing back across the Pacific. (Heyerdahl, ibid., page 253).

According to the principal Inca legend, before the reign of the first Inca, the sun-god, Con-Ticci Viracocha, had taken leave of his kingdom in present day Peru and sailed off into the Pacific with all his subjects.

When the Spaniards came to Lake Titicaca, up in the Andes, they found the mightiest ruins in all South America - Tiahuanaco. They saw a hill reshaped by man into a stepped pyramid, classical masonry of enormous blocks, beautifully dressed and fitted together, and numerous large statues in human form. They asked the Indians to tell them who had left these enormous ruins.

The well known chronicler, Cieza de Leon, was told in reply that these things had been made long before the Incas came to power. They were made by White and bearded men like the Spaniards themselves. (Heyerdahl, ibid., page 253).

The White men had finally abandoned their statues and gone with the leader, Con-Ticci Viracocha, first up to Cuzco, and then down to the Pacific. They were given the Inca name of Viracocha, or "sea foam', because they were white skinned and vanished like foam over the sea.

Above: A red-haired mummy recovered from the Nevado Ampato, Peru, in the mountains near the famous Machu Picchu mountaintop fortress. Dated at circa 1400 AD, this may even have been one of the red-haired Incas that the Spaniards reported seeing.

The Spaniards recorded that the ruling Inca families called themselves Orejones, or Long Ears, in contrast to their subjects. Pizarro pointed out that it was especially the Long Ears who were white skinned. (Heyerdahl, ibid., page 253).

On Easter Island, tradition has it that the Long Ears came from over the sea. Their first king had long ears when he reached the island in a sea going vessel. This ties in well with the completely separate Inca legend which says that Con-Ticci Viracocha had long ears when he sailed off westwards across the sea.


WHITE ORIGINS SUPPRESSED

Heyerdahl's pioneering work, which has been largely ignored for the racial undertones which it (completely inadvertently) carries, shows very clearly that, drawing upon the existence of the red-haired South American mummies; the red-haired descendants living on Easter Island; combined with the Inca legends: a large group of White Nordic racial types, very possibly linked to Canary Island Guanches, swept across the Atlantic Ocean, settled and built cities and civilizations in South America, and then even spread out into the Pacific Islands.

There they were either killed off by the non-White natives or were absorbed into the darker native population, leaving behind only flashes of their former greatness and of their racial coloring amongst the still living inhabitants of the region.

The mysterious long-eared and red-haired statues of the Easter Island and some of the great ruined cities found in South America are the legacy of lost White migrations.


THE NAZCA PLAINS - PERU'S ANCIENT WHITE CIVILIZATION?

The long suppressed White origins of much of what has been regarded as "Native American Indian" culture is apparent from the finds in the Paracas burial ground in Peru.

One of the most famous ancient wonders of the South American continent are the huge emblems on the Nazca plains in Peru (left), which have been dated at approximately 500 BC. The emblems, many only properly visible from the air, are usually attributed to the "Nazca Indians" but in fact the well preserved bodies of the Nazca upper classes and priests have been uncovered in the neighboring Paracas region - and of the 400 odd mummies uncovered so far, virtually all of them are clearly White in racial origin, with red hair being prominent.

The Chaucilla Paracas Burial Grounds, Peru: A White Graveyard from 500 BC
Above: A naturally preserved Paracas mummy, in its sand grave, with hair well preserved and doliocranial skull clearly visible. (Photo: JD, 2002)	Above: A doliocranicial skull with its preserved hair, Paracas, Peru. (Photo: JD, 2002)
Yet another red-haired mummy stares from its burial wrapping, Chaucilla, Peru. (Photo: JD, 2002)	The doliocranicial or 'long' form of this skull contrasts strongly with the broad skull structure of Amerinds, who are racially related to the Mongol races. (Photo: JD, 2002)
Above: A Paracas mummy, disinterred from its sand tomb after 2,000 years. The feathered hat and fine cotton cloak embroidered in multi-colored wools have been preserved by the natural dryness of the sand grave - as has the long straight red hair, only found in those of Nordic extraction.	Above: The sadly desecrated cemetery of Chaucilla, near Nazca, has dozens of ancient red-haired corpses jutting out of their open graves, mute testimony to Peru's ancient White past.

From these early Whites in Central and South America were to develop the Aztec Indian legends of Quetzalcoatl and the other White skinned gods who came from across the ocean.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 7: The Near East - Whites Overwhelmed

The racial make-up of the original inhabitants of the Near East - that is from Turkey to modern day Iran, including the areas known today as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine and Egypt, was by the year 4000 BC, predominantly original White Mediterranean, with scattered groups of Alpine and Proto-Nordic sub groupings amongst them.

These original White inhabitants were strengthened by the arrival of large numbers of Nordic Indo-Europeans who started spreading south from their ancestral homeland in southern Russia from around 3000 BC onwards.

In addition to these White peoples, another grouping was to play a significant role in the history of the Near East - the Semitic speaking peoples (this encompasses a wide range of peoples, including groups known to history as the ancient Jews and Arabic peoples). These Semitic speaking peoples eventually came to predominate the entire Middle East, entering the original White territories as laborers, traders, immigrants and military conquerors.

A map of the region under discussion in this chapter: Virtually every country shown here was subjected to invasions by Indo-European Nordics, who then set up White civilizations - only to be later submerged into a mass of Semitic, Mongoloid and Hamiic (mixed peoples) who came to work in the nations as slaves or as conventional laborers.

Statue of Gudea, an official from the Sumerian province of Lagash, Tello, circa 2125- 2025 BC. Note the clear White racial features. British Museum, London.

From a racial point of view it is worth noting that neither the original Old European Mediterranean White peoples nor the original Semitic peoples exist in their original form any more. While retaining certain physical characteristics, both these groups have been mixed substantially with each other and other racial groups as a result of the ebb and flow of historical events in the Middle East.

It is also important to realize that although there existed a Semitic racial type, confusion exists when the term "Semitic" is used.

Very often when mention is made of the word "Semite" it is presumed that it is to Jews whom reference are being made - this is a false assumption. The Jews of ancient times were most certainly as pure a Semitic speaking people as could be found, but in modern times are a mix of a great many races, from Black right through to all of the White sub-races, so it would be factually incorrect to refer to the Jews of today as pure Semites. Semitic speaking tribes also encompassed a number of other tribes in the Middle East, as is the case still today.

In the same way most of the other inhabitants of the modern Middle East are racial mixtures (although they tend not to have as large an admixture of European sub-groupings as the European Jews have) with the result that there are very few pure "Semites" left even in the Middle East.

Nonetheless, the history of the ancient Middle East is dominated by centuries of physical struggle between these White and Semitic peoples, with each group establishing civilizations which in turn were overrun by one or more of their two rivals, or, just as often, by a racially similar tribe.

Control of the Mesopotamian River Valley swung between these groups for thousands of years, with each successive invasion bringing with it an impetus of new blood and culture. For a long period, however, the White tribes were able to hang on to the higher lands to the north east of the Tigris/Euphrates river basin, while various Semitic tribes occupied parts of previously Indo-European held territory within the Near East.

As a result of this continual crossover of civilizations and shared geographical area, the racial distinctions of the peoples became more and more blurred, and towards the close of this epoch it becomes more and more difficult to identify clear racial groups as opposed to named cultures. Ultimately, the disappearance of the distinct racial groupings in the region led to the torch of civilization being passed to what were then more homogeneous societies - first in Egypt and then to the classical Greek and Roman civilizations.


SUMERIA : FIRST WHITE SETTLEMENT

A religious ceremonial figure
of a Sumerian deity circa
3000 BC, at Tell Asmos, a
provincial Sumerian town.
The figure is remarkable for
it has blue eyes - set with
the stone lapis lazuli. This
blue stone was greatly
prized by the Sumerians,
who imported it from its only
source, 3200 kilometers
away in north Afghanistan.
Blue eyes are an exclusively
White racial trait.

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers is commonly called the Fertile Crescent - because of the closeness of fresh water supplies. However, the term Fertile Crescent is a misnomer. Rainfall in the region has always been sparse, and large parts of this region are in fact arid desert.

The region was, contrary to popular myth, never ideal farming territory, and the dryness was only alleviated in part due to the proximity of the river water.

In spite of this, by the year 5000 BC, original Mediterranean Whites and some early Nordic tribes (together known as Ubaidians) established settlements in the Tigris and Euphrates river basin.

These settlements gradually developed into the chief cities of the region. This territory lies in the modern day country of Iraq.


SECOND WHITE INVASION 3250 BC - ORIGINS OF SUMER

These original Whites were conquered by a new White tribe, the Sumerians, in 3250 BC. These people gave their name to the region: Sumer. In the centuries that followed the immigration of the Sumerians, the country grew rich and powerful. Art and architecture, crafts, and religious and ethical thought, flourished.

The Sumerian language became the prevailing speech of the land and their system of writing, the Sumerian script, where pictures were used to represent objects, set the standard for all written languages of the time.

Above: A Sumerian clay tablet, from
about 2800 BC. It is one of the earliest
decipherable documents in the world.
Early writing was done on clay tablets
with impressions being made by
wooden wedged instruments.

Although initially being very basic - a stick drawing of a fish would represent a fish and so on - this written language laid the basis for all pictographical languages, including the later Egyptian and Sanskrit forms. Writing was done on clay tablets with impressions being made by wedge shaped instruments. This pictographical writing eventually developed symbols for abstract concepts such as "love", "go" and so on. The Sumerian script dominated all writing forms for at least 4000 years until the Greek script became pre-eminent.

From the very beginning of the settlement of the Sumer delta possessed metal working facilities (they were particularly good at copper working) and wheeled vehicles, a significant breakthrough at the time. It is presumed that the wheel originally developed from the potter's wheel, which the Sumerians naturally also possessed.

To the south east of Sumer lay the Saudi Arabian peninsula - the original heartland of the Semitic speaking peoples. The original Whites were soon surrounded by Semitic tribes, and within a few hundred years Semitic immigrants began to take up residence in the region, both as peaceful immigrants and as raiders.


FIRST SEMITIC INVASION: THE AKKADS

The first large scale Semitic invasion took place in 2335 BC, when the White Sumerians were overrun by the Akkadian people. The Semitic Akkad occupation of Sumer led to the establishment of a new kingdom, called (unsurprisingly) "The Kingdom of Sumer and Akkad". It was shortly after the Akkadian invasion that the first Jews are recorded as entering Sumeria in large numbers.

Eventually - after a few generations - the Semitic tribes started intermarrying with the original White tribes, and although this process was not absolute, the distinctions between the two groupings became blurred. This mixing of the races in the region led to an increasingly hybrid population - a trend which continues to this day.

Art forms left by the early Babylonians reveal their racial make-up - they were primarily a Mediterranean people - with the passage of time it is possible to see a distinct Semitic influence becoming apparent.

The British anthropologists Dudley Buxton and Talbot Rice found skulls among human remains excavated at the Sumerian palace at Kish in Mesopotamia. Similar skulls were found by the French anthropologist H.V. Vallois amongst remains collected at Sialk, halfway between Teheran and Isfahan, north east of Kish; and in the Indus River Valley, R.B.S. Sewell and B.S. Guha of the Zoological Survey of India also found similar skulls: all have been positively identified as belonging to the (now virtually extinct) Mediterranean White sub-race. (Race, John R Baker, Oxford University Press, 1974, page 511).


CIVILIZATION OF SUMER PEAKS - AFTER THE FIRST INDO-EUROPEAN GUTIAN INVASION

The Kingdom of Sumer and Akkad then fell before the first, and by all accounts ferocious, Indo-European invasion - that of the Celts. Known as Gutians in the Middle East, they fell upon the kingdom of Sumer and Akkad less than 100 years after it was established, around the year 2200 BC.

The Gutians sacked and destroyed the mixed Semitic/Mediterranean Sumer and Akkadian civilization and established their own rule and civilization in the region. Soon they had provinces extending right to the Mediterranean Sea itself.

The Gutian invasion sparked a surge in the Sumerian civilization - it was after the Indo-European invasion that Sumerian civilization was to reach some of its greatest heights. These included:

• the very first written law code in the world, which is still existent and dates from 2095 BC;
• the construction of the great Sumerian pyramids, called Ziggurats (the most famous of which is the Ziggurat at the Sumerian city of Ur, built in 2100 BC) which served as temples and community centers, many of which are still standing today; and
• a complex system of canals, weirs and water routes by which the agricultural settlements alongside the rivers were kept irrigated.

Above: The main ziggurat at Ur, Mesopotamia, built circa 2,100 BC, shortly after the first major Indo-European invasion. The building was created in the shape of a step pyramid

After a few generations the Gutians themselves became submerged into the wider population of Sumer, whose great cities and wealth had acted as a magnet for all the surrounding Semitic tribes. Slowly but surely increasing numbers of Semites, as traders, laborers or slaves, were drawn to Sumer, creating over time a mixture of Old European, Semitic and Indo-European peoples. This shows up very clearly in their grave sites and art forms in the wide range of racial features on display.

THE SECOND INDO-EUROPEAN INVASION: THE AMORITES

Then the region was once again invaded by yet another originally Indo-European peoples, the Amorites, around the year 2000 BC, bringing with them a renewed wave of Nordic blood into the peoples of the region.

The Amorites had originally entered the Middle East from the Balkans and had occupied Palestine, mixing with a certain number of the Jewish tribes they subjugated there. It is a matter of conjecture as to exactly how much Semitic (therefore darker) physical characteristics they had taken on by the year 2000 BC - very likely not much, as the Egyptians still described them as fair haired and blue eyed some 700 years after they had invaded Sumeria.

A White female head from Uruk,
Sumeria, circa 3,500 BC, presently
in the Iraq museum, Baghdad.

SUMERIAN CULTURE - MATHEMATICS AND LITERATURE

Sumerian religion had four leading deities, the creating gods called: An, the god of heaven; Ki, the goddess of earth; Enlil, the god of air; and Enki, the god of water. There were three sky deities, Nanna, the god of the moon; Utu, the sun god; and Inanna, the queen of heaven. Inanna was also the goddess of love, procreation, and war.

The Sumerians also had a reasonably advanced mathematical system with tables for multiplication, division and even square and cube roots. They also possessed a knowledge of geometry.

The most famous surviving piece of literature from this period is the "Epic of Gilgamesh", a fictional story of an old king of the city state of Erech who sets off in search of immortality. It also includes a chapter dealing with a flood of the earth, and is clearly the origin of the Christian and Jewish Old Testament story of Noah and the Biblical flood.


BABYLON AND HAMMURABI

The chaos caused by the Amorite invasion lasted until 1763 BC, when a strong and capable king arose and united the inhabitants once again. From this time the city of Babylon was built, and the region became known as Babylonia.

The first king of Babylon - the one who managed to end the chaos and unite all the tribes into a nation - was named Hammurabi.

Above left: The Law Code of Hammurabi, 1750 BC. The code has been preserved intact on this stela, now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. At the top of the stela is picture of the king before Shamash, the (typically Indo-European) sun-god, who was also the god of justice. The introduction to the code is directly below the pictures, in which Hammurabi asserts that he has come to rule over the "dark haired people". The 282 laws cover such things as offenses against other people and property; disputes concerning land, trade, fees, professional services and family. Some of the punishments would be considered harsh by modern standards, but on the whole the laws present a picture of a well ordered society which lived by recognized standards and offered protection to all its citizens. Alongside is a detail from the stela showing the great Nordic King Hammurabi in profile. His racial features are clear in this depiction made during his lifetime.

King Hammurabi has become most famous for his Code of Laws, dating from 1750 BC, which is widely but incorrectly held to be the first written legal code in the world (it was the second, the first being the code drawn up by the earlier White Sumerians). Hammurabi's Code of Law was engraved in stone and set up in the great cities of the region - to this day the Code is regarded as the father of the all legal codes of the world.

While some of the laws themselves seem harsh to the modern mind (death for being unable to repay debt, for example) nonetheless the wording of the prologue to Hammurabi's Law Code provides a fascinating glimpse into the conflict between the Semitic and Indo-European populations in the region.

In the prologue, Hammurabi announces that he has come to "rule the black haired people"; he is also referred to as "the White King" and the "White Potent", obviously in reference to his coloring.

The original introduction on the Hammurabi Code, which was engraved in stone and is still existent, reads as follows :

"Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind..." "Hammurabi, the prince, called of Bel am I, making riches and increase, ...who enriched Ur;...the white king,...the mighty, who again laid the foundations of Sippara...the lord who granted new life to Uruk, who brought plenteous water to its inhabitants...the White, Potent, who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits ..."

(Translated by L. W. King, The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910. Further translations of Hammurabi's code can be found in The Code of Hammurabi, R.F. Harper, University of Chicago Press, 1904).

Although Hammurabi himself was then clearly a descendent of one of the Nordic tribes and not one of the "black haired" peoples, as the Law Code reveals, by this time large numbers of the population had become distinctly Semitic, as waves of immigrants swarmed in from the Arabic heartland on the Saudi Arabian peninsula, drawn by the allure of the great Sumerian cities.

Building upon the technological and cultural precedents set by the Sumerians, the Babylonians maintained the complex systems of canals, dikes, weirs and reservoirs constructed by the original White inhabitants.

As an indicator of the symbolism Babylon has come to acquire, to this day the Black Rastafarian movement talks about all White civilizations as being "Babylon".


THE THIRD INDO-EUROPEAN INVASION: THE KASSITES AND HITTITES - INTRODUCTION OF THE CHARIOT AS A MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND WAR

Babylon was then invaded by new waves of Indo-Europeans and Indo-Aryans, some on their way to India: the Kassites and Hittites conquered large areas of the region by 1595 BC.

Under Kassite rule, which lasted another 450 years, Babylonia once again became a power of considerable importance. The Kassites were the first people to use the chariot as a weapon of war, a skill later taken on by virtually every other nation in the Near East and Europe. Horse riding itself originated with the Indo-Aryan tribes who populated modern day Iran.


SEMITIC POPULATION INCREASE - JEWS INTO CAPTIVITY

By this time the numbers of Arabic Semites in the region were reaching numerically overwhelming proportions. This balance was tipped even further by a renewed Semitic invasion which started in the 9th century when the Chaldeans managed to occupy the region.

Although Semitic himself, the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar (who became king in 604 BC) achieved fame for carrying off several thousand Jews into captivity in Babylon.

The Chaldeans in turn were attacked by the originally Indo-European Assyrians in the north: the city of Babylon was eventually sacked by the Assyrians around the year 700 BC.

Above: Assyrian troops pursuing Semites: From the palace at Ashurbanipul at Ninevh, Assyria, circa 645 BC. Note how the Semites are portrayed as riding camels, while the Assyrians are portrayed as riding horses. British Museum, London

SYRIA AND THE HITTITES

An Indo-Aryan tribe called the Hittites established an empire in present day Turkey around the year 2000 BC, after sweeping south and west from the original Nordic homeland in Southern Russia.

In 1700 BC, Hittite armies began pushing south, conquering Syria and the Euphrates and Tigris River Valley, helping to destroy the Babylonian empire in 1600 BC. At its height, the Hittite Empire covered an area stretching from the Black Sea to Syria.

By conquering Syria, the Hittites had taken away an Egyptian colony, and the Egyptian Pharaoh, Ramses II, attacked the Hittites from bases in Palestine in 1269 BC.

The Hittites however defeated Ramses, and a peace treaty followed, in terms of which the Hittites kept possession of Syria.

The Hittites are credited with being the first people to work iron in the region, and are also famous for borrowing much of their legal system from the law codes they found when they conquered the Babylonians. This was indeed the major importance of the Hittites in history - they took much of Mesopotamian culture and spread it around Asia Minor (Turkey) and even to the early Greeks. In this way much of the accumulated Mesopotamian culture was transmitted to countries lying to the west.

By 1500 BC, the Hittites had, like many of the Indo-European tribes (and indeed the Semites as well) started to mingle with the other peoples in the region, eventually producing the population of today in the Near East - an indefinable mix of White, Semite, Black and even Mongolian strains.

So weakened, the Hittite empire came to an end, being overrun by new waves of Indo-Aryan invaders, the Assyrians, from the north.

With the collapse of the Hittite Empire in 1200 BC, no one power was strong enough to dominate the Middle East, and a number of independent states flourished for about 500 years.


JEWISH HATRED OF THE PHILISTINES

One of the Indo-Aryan invasions which led the fall of the Hittites was led by a tribe known as the Philistines. This tribe conquered large parts of the Middle East, including today's Palestine (from where the name of that country originates) and eventually Babylon as well.

The Philistines established what was by all accounts a harsh rule over the Semites under their control, leading to a fanatical hatred of the Philistines being developed by the subjugated Jewish tribes. This hatred was transferred into the Semitic religion in Palestine, Judaism.

This hatred of the Philistines was developed to the point where today anyone who has been raised a Christian knows that to call someone a Philistine is to insult that person, even though the person using that insult may not even know who the Philistines were.

As a result, the use of the phrase "Philistine" as an insult provides a fascinating insight into the Jewish origins of Christianity.

Above: The Jewish king, Jehu, (kneeling) pays homage to the Assyrian ruler, Shalmaneser III, circa 841 BC.

PHOENICIANS - FOREMOST TRADERS OF THEIR TIME

A number of other smaller White civilizations sprang up at this time in this region, each of them contributing in their own way to the advancement of civilization. Amongst them were the Phoenicians, who through trade established themselves as a powerful nation in the Mediterranean. Their home base was in present day Lebanon, an area which they had occupied by the year 2700 BC.

Although originally a Mediterranean people, there is evidence to suggest that during their long stay in Lebanon and Palestine, the Phoenicians absorbed a fair amount of Semitic blood, being ruled by the Hebrews for a significant period of time.

However, the Phoenicians were also ruled by the Egyptians and Hittites in turn, and by this time had started to exhibit the physical characteristics associated with Nordic, Mediterranean and Semites. The Phoenicians were then a mix of Old European, Indo-European and Semitic speaking peoples.

The Phoenicians are credited with the creation of the modern alphabet - this is a slight exaggeration. The Phoenicians took the semi-alphabet script developed by the Egyptians, adopted it and used it as a means for their trade. This basic alphabet was picked up by later Greeks and developed into Greek script.

From this Greek script the modern alphabet was developed over a much longer period of time. At best then, the Phoenicians can claim to having been one link in the process of the development of the modern alphabet.

The Phoenicians became famous as traders, establishing settlements all over the Mediterranean basin, including on the Italian peninsula and in Spain. In 800 BC, the Phoenicians founded the city of Carthage, in present day Tunis, just opposite the bottom of the Italian peninsula. Carthage came to be peopled by a large number of different peoples, but retained its essentially Mediterranean/Nordic mix right until the time of its wars with Rome.

The most famous Carthaginian military leader, Hannibal, who was the scourge of Rome for many years, was a very clear Nordic sub-racial type, coming from a noble family in Carthage. Although Carthage was eventually destroyed by the Romans, it lasted longer than then Phoenician cities in Lebanon which were razed in 750 BC by new Indo-European led invaders, the Assyrians.


PERSIA: ORIGINAL INDO-EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

The leaders of Persia called themselves Aryans. Darius the Great, King of Persia (521 - 486 BC), in an inscription in Naqsh-e-Rostam (near present day Shiraz, Iran) proclaims: "I am Darius, the Great King, ..., A Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage..."

A close up of a frieze of glazed bricks showing a Persian soldier, from Susa, made during the reign of Darius I, 522-486B.C. On display at the Louvre Museum, Paris.	The palace at Persepolis, Persia. A double staircase, decorated with reliefs, led to the magnificent audience hall where the Persian emperors received foreign envoys and visiting dignitaries. Persepolis was built during the reigns of Darius and his successor Xerxes (circa 400 BC). Today it is a ruin, the original Persians gone.

The Iranian plateau was settled about 1500 BC by Indo-European tribes, the most important of which were the Medes, who occupied the north-western portion, and the Persians.

The Persians were dominated by the Medes until the accession to the Persian throne in 550 BC of the Persian Cyrus the Great. He overthrew the Median rulers, conquered two neighboring kingdoms (including Babylonia in 539 BC) and established the Persian Empire as the pre-eminent power of the Middle East.

Cyrus tried to be a benevolent ruler. In Sumeria he allowed the dominant religion of the time to approve his assumption of the Babylonian kingship, while in Jerusalem he launched the rebuilding of the Jewish temple. The result of his endeavors was an empire of diverse peoples which was ultimately to lead to Persia's undoing.

Cyrus' son, Cambyses II, extended the Persian realm even further by conquering the (by then thoroughly mixed race) Egyptians in 525 BC. Darius I, who ascended the throne in 521 BC, pushed the Persian borders as far eastward as the Indus River, had a canal constructed from the Nile to the Red Sea, and reorganized the entire empire, earning the title Darius the Great.

From 499 to 493 BC Darius the Great engaged in crushing a revolt of the Ionian Greeks living under Persian rule in Asia, and then launched a punitive campaign against the Greeks for supporting the rebels. His forces were disastrously defeated by the Greeks at the historic Battle of Marathon in 490 BC.

His successor, Xerxes I, also tried to defeat the Greeks, but was in turn defeated in the great sea engagement the Battle of Salami in 480 BC and in two successive land battles in the following year.

The forays of the Persian King Xerxes I were the last notable attempt at expansion of the Persian Empire - by this stage the Aryan tribes had absorbed the Semitic and Asiatic immigrants into the region, and had started to unravel as a homogeneous nation.

The 'Alexander Sarcophagus', circa 310 BC. Archaeological Museum, Istanbul. Also known as the Sarcophagus of Sidon, the city in which it was first found.	A detail from the Alexander Sarcophagus. A Persian soldier, the original color painted with fair hair and blue eyes. (Color picture can be found in chapter 11)
Above: The White racial features are clear in this 'Head of a Dead Persian', Roman copy of a figure from a victory monument of Attalos I at Pergamon, c. 230 - 220 BC., Terme Museum, Rome.

INDIAN DEPICTIONS OF PERSIANS AS NORDICS AND MIXED RACIAL TYPES

At the time when the Greek writer Xenophon praised what he called "tall beautiful Persian women" (during the 6th century BC), the Persian envoys to India were depicted in still existent paintings in the Ajanta caves outside Bombay as light skinned, blue eyed and blond, or dark skinned and blue eyed with a fair beard. (Ujflvy, L'Anthropologie, vol. ii., 1900). This is the first tangible sign that the Indo-European Persians had started mixing with the darker natives of their land.

By the Fourth Century, this process had spread dramatically to where only a very few of the ruling class could still claim pure Indo-European ancestry. Finally the already largely mixed race Persians were to be overrun by the new White force in the region: the Indo-European Macedonians under Alexander the Great in a series of battles between 334 and 331 BC.


ZARATHUSTRA AND HIS INFLUENCE ON CHRISTIANITY

The Persians built vast and very good roads for the efficient administration of their huge empire, but are probably best remembered for their religion called Zoroastrianism. Founded by a prophet named Zarathustra, the basic religious concept of a never ending battle between good and evil supernatural powers, was later plagiarized by the early Christians and worked into the biblical New Testament (the concepts of heaven and hell are not mentioned at all in the Christian Old Testament).


THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE - WORLD'S FIRST POSTAL SYSTEM

The next large empire in the Middle East was established by the originally Indo-Aryan Assyrians (the word Assyrian is a corruption of the word Aryan) who, from their base in modern day Syria, captured Babylon in 910 BC. In 722 BC, the Assyrians captured Palestine and by 671 BC their empire extended as far as the Nile delta.

The Assyrians, like the Hittites, had mastered the art of iron working and iron weapons (a skill which had come down from the Indo-Aryan north and had spread with the Indo-Aryan invasions). As such they had a massive advantage over their opponents.

The Assyrian king of this time, Ashurbanipul, was a cultured man and reputedly had a library - probably mostly looted from the Sumerians and Babylonians - of some 22,000 clay tablets at their capital city of Khorsabad.

The Assyrian empire was the first to build a system of national roads and also the first to develop a postal system. The Assyrians also without doubt had the first coherent administrative system and served as a role model for many later civilizations.

By the middle of the 7th century BC the Assyrian empire was on the decline, weakened by a steady dissolution of their original racial homogeneity through increasing mixing with the ever growing numbers of Semites in the region.

Eventually a combination of neighboring Indo-European tribes (Persians, Medeans and Scythians) overthrew the by then mostly mixed race Assyrians and in 612 BC, the Syrian capital, Ninevh, was destroyed.

The downfall of the Syrians left four small powers in the Middle East. These were the Medeans, the Persians, the Lydians and the Chaldeans.

All but the last of these groups were all at this stage still majority White in racial make-up, although large - and soon to be overwhelming - numbers of Semites, Arabics and even Mongols had been integrated into their societies.

These cultures can therefore be categorized as the last but one of the majority White civilizations in the region - not too long after their time the racial mix of the region became overwhelmingly non-White through a shift in the population balance; and most vestiges of the old civilizations disappeared along with the Whites - a process which occurred throughout the Near East.


THE MEDEANS

The people known as the Medes had already established an informal empire just to the east of the Assyrians, south of the Caspian sea, in modern day Iran. The Medeans were also noteworthy for their help in the destruction of the Assyrian empire and were in turn overrun by their former colony, Persia, in 550 BC.

However, like so many Indo-European cultures of the region at that time, not only did they have to contend with the local White/Semitic mixed population, who continually agitated against them, but also with other Indo-European invaders continually penetrating the region from the north.

The most noted of these new invaders were the Nordic Scythians, who were the first to use mounted cavalry in battle. The Scythians overran what is today Palestine in the 7th century BC, and some of their fair haired and fair eyed descendants can still be seen today amongst the Druses of Lebanon. Eventually however the Medeans and the Scythians joined forces and together they overran the Assyrians, sacking the capital Ninevh in 612 BC.

To add to all this confusion, beginning about 1400 BC, a new wave of migrations changed the face of practically all of western Asia. From the Balkan Peninsula came a wave of different Indo-European tribes, who became known as the Sea Peoples. They overran the Hittite Empire in Turkey and launched attacks on Syria, Palestine and Egypt itself.

Yet another Indo-European people called Mushki, who settled in eastern Anatolia, became a constant threat to Assyria in the northwest.


WHITES IN THE MIDDLE EAST SUBMERGED CIRCA 250 BC

The fall of the Persian Empire marks the end of the great majority White civilizations in the Near East. By this time virtually all of the settlements in the greater region had lost whatever racial homogeneity they once had, and were to larger or smaller degrees societies comprised of a plethora of mixed races, producing the wide and varied physiognomy visible to this day in the region - a mix of Semitic and original White stock.

From the time of the fall of the Persian Empire however, the near East ceased to be an area which was majority occupied by peoples who could claim to be White in the original racial sense of the word. Nonetheless, to this day there remain significant Indo-European genetic throwbacks amongst the Persians, today called the Iranians, as is the case throughout the entire Near and Middle East, from India, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and even amongst the Palestinians. The modern day word for Persia - Iran - is derived from their ancient racial roots, the Aryans (as is the case with Iraq and also the very word India).

Persia was overrun by the Arabic Muslims in 651 AD, and through the integration which followed the last major traces of the pure Indo-European peoples in the Middle East was diluted.

Indeed, much of what later became known as Muslim culture, architecture, writing and other skills, were taken from the Persians into the broad Semitic speaking world.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 8: Egypt: Nordic Desert Empire

Part One: The Pre-Dynastic Era and the Old Kingdom 3500 BC - 2270 BC

Entering Egypt at the time of the great Indo-European migrations from the Black Sea Basin circa 5600 BC, Nordic peoples such as "Ginger" (below) settled the Nile River Valley and laid the basis for what was, by 3000 BC, to become the first Egyptian Dynasty.

Although situated in North Africa, Egypt had been settled by three White groupings prior to 3500 BC, namely Old European Mediterranean types, Proto-Nordics and Nordic Indo-Europeans, with the latter group penetrating the territory as part of the great wave of Indo-European invasions which took place from 5600 BC onwards.

Living in typical Neolithic settlements, this period of history is called the pre-dynastic period and is formally considered to have come to an end in 3100 BC.

Above left: Remains of the outer wall of the Saqqara tomb of the pharaoh Uadji of the 2nd Dynasty (2770 - 2650 BC). It shows the recessed paneling of the period and the clay bull-heads, carrying natural horns. Note the distinct similarity. alongside right, to the Catal Huyuk bull-horn cult from Turkey (see chapter 3) nearer to the Black Sea, furtherevidence of the link between the two regions.

"GINGER" AND OTHER INHABITANTS OF EARLY EGYPT

Racially speaking, the inhabitants of Egypt at this period in time were divided into three groups. Skeletal evidence from grave sites show that the original White Mediterraneans and Proto-Nordics were in a majority in the area - a well preserved body found in a sand grave in Egypt dating from approximately 3000 BC, on display in the British Museum in London, has even been nicknamed "Ginger" because of his red hair - a racial trait only found in persons of Nordic ancestry.

Above: A well preserved body from the pre-dynastic period in Egypt, circa 3,300 BC. Buried in a sand grave, the natural dryness of the surroundings kept the body preserved. His red hair (and thus Nordic features) have been so well preserved that he has been given the nickname "Ginger" at the British Museum where he is kept on public display. Right: "Ginger's" head.

However, diggings also reveal a significant minority of Semitic (Arabic) peoples were living in the Nile Delta valley alongside the Whites, and in the very far south (in what later became southern Egypt and the Sudan) lived a large number of Blacks. These were the Nubians who were to feature in Egypt's history - and against whom the Egyptians waged war and enslaved for nearly 2,000 years.

The existence of these two non-White groupings within Egypt was later to have a major impact on the history of that civilization, and also do much to destroy the "environmental" theory of the origin of civilizations, as all three groups shared the same environment, yet produced very different levels of achievement.

THE OLD KINGDOM 3100 - 2270 BC

In terms of contemporary time frames, however, the Egyptian state first started formally emerging shortly after the establishment of the civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates river valley.

By the year 3100 BC, a measure of unity had started to take hold in Egypt, coalescing into northern and southern kingdoms. Around that year a dynamic leader named Menes united these northern and southern kingdoms and established a capital city at Memphis on the Nile River. The year 3100 BC therefore marks the start of the Dynastic Period, called the Old Kingdom by historians.

Menes developed the idea of using channels to divert the waters of the Nile to irrigate land - and this irrigation system exists along the Nile River to this day. Menes was such a gifted and charismatic leader that he was later deified by later Egyptians, and a cult developed which pictured him as a direct descendant of the Gods, a tradition which then spread to other pharaohs. It is very likely that the very word "man" originated with Menes.

During the reign of Menes, construction was first started on the greatest city of ancient Egypt, Memphis, which became the capital of this first kingdom. Also about this time, Egyptian pictograph writing appeared, probably inspired by the Sumerian script. The Old Kingdom traded extensively with surrounding lands, obtaining wood from Lebanon and copper from mines in the Sinai peninsula.

Above left: The first great pyramid of Egypt: the step pyramid of Saqqara, circa 2600 BC. The architect, Imhotep, was later made into a deity out of respect for this technological achievement. Above right: Part of the massive stone complex which surrounds the step pyramid.

It was also during this Old Kingdom period that the great pyramids and Sphinx at Giza were built, starting around the year 2,500 BC. The project was launched by Pharaoh Cheops (also known as Khufu), who, because of the pyramids, remains one of the most famous pharaohs of this First Kingdom.

Queen Hetop-Heres II, of the Fourth Dynasty, the daughter of Cheops, the builder of the great pyramid, is shown in the colored bas reliefs of her tomb to have been a distinct blonde. Her hair is painted a bright yellow stippled with little red horizontal lines, and her skin is white. (‘The Races of Europe’, Carleton Stevens Coon, New York City, Macmillan. 1939, p.98)

The Cheops pyramids are however not the oldest Egyptian pyramids - the step pyramid at Memphis predates the Cheops pyramids by at least a century, and was designed by a court architect who was later to be deified by the Egyptians, Imhotep. This great structure, nearly 66 meters high, must have seemed overwhelming to ordinary Egyptians at the time, who at best lived in two story mud brick houses, and it is no surprise that the builder was eventually deified.

The Sphinx and pyramids of Giza, circa 2500 BC.

The Cheops pyramids are impressive today - by the standards of the time of their construction they must also have appeared to be superhuman. Twenty years in the building, these pyramids used between five and six millions tons of stone, some blocks being moved over 500 miles, with virtually perfect masonry work on site so that the alignment variance of the stones even today is less than one percent. The greatest pyramid reaches 146 meters - higher than St. Peter's cathedral in Rome (which remains the biggest Christian cathedral in the world.)

Old Kingdom Racial Types

Head of Khafre, dating from the 4th Dynasty (2575 - 2467 BC). Flinders Petrie Collection, University College, London	Death mask of King Tety, dating from the 6th Dynasty(2323 -2152 BC). Cairo Museum
Pharaoh Shepsekaf, last king of the 4th Dynasty (2575 - 2467 BC).	A statue of Pharaoh Menkaure and his consort, Khamerernebti II, dating from the 4th Dynasty (2575 - 2467 BC).

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 8: Egypt: Nordic Desert Empire

Part Two: Egyptian Religion, Mummies, Racial Types and the Middle Kingdom

EGYPTIAN RELIGION PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO RACE

Above: Egyptian scribe from
Saqqara, circa 2,600 BC. An
excellent Mediterranean sub-
racial type depicted in an
original Egyptian sculpture.

Charms and magical prayers were collected into a book and paid for by the living to put into their tombs - a sort of insurance policy for a successful resurrection in the hereafter. This book made up what is known as the "Egyptian Book of the Dead."

Egyptian religion of the time was primarily concerned with the achievement of life after death. The practice of mummification was started on the basis of a myth that the God of the Nile River, Osiris, had been murdered by his evil brother, Seth. According to the myth, Seth cut Osiris' body into pieces. These pieces were, however, gathered together by Osiris' grieving widow, Isis, and re-assembled, thus resurrecting Osiris.

The Nile God then became the first mummy, and every mummified Egyptian became a second Osiris. This resurrection theme was to become dominant in other religions, and adopted by Christianity.

Thus the tradition of mummification started: a jump start to everlasting life in the hereafter. The process of mummification has also provided modern day historians with a spectacular and virtually unique chance to see the physical characteristics of Egyptians exactly as they were. The evidence is overwhelming that these first Egyptian societies were White - a Proto-Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean cross. The leadership elite - in particular the pharaohs themselves - were mostly Nordic.

The mummified remains of numerous pharaohs and common folk from this first great Egyptian civilization have unmistakable White features, while the first written reference to blond hair is made on an Egyptian wall painting of the daughter of the famous pharaoh Cheops, Queen Hetep-Heres II, who is identified specifically by her blond hair.

The well preserved body of Pharaoh Ramses II has red hair, and there are large numbers of mummies whose blond hair has been extraordinarily well preserved through the centuries. This tradition of Nordic pharaohs was to last almost till the second part of the Third Kingdom, circa 1050 BC, by when racial demographic shifts had taken place in Egyptian society in favor of non-White groups.

NORDIC NOBILITY IN ANCIENT EGYPT:

Left: Yuya, Egyptian nobleman from 1400 BC, father of Tiy, the wife of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Yuya's blond hair and Nordic facial structure have been well preserved by the embalming process; Alongside, his equally blond haired wife, Thuya, great grandmother of Tutankhamen.
Above: Two pictures of a female mummy, on the left, taken in 2003, and on the right, taken in 1907. The mummy was one of three discovered in 1898 in a secret chamber of tomb KV35 by French archaeologist Victor Loret. The mummy, known as the "elder lady" has been identified either as Queen Hatshepsut, wife of Pharaoh Thutmosis II, who ruled Egypt after Thutmosis' death in 1520 BC; or as Queen Tiye. The older picture shows the mummy's hair to be a lot lighter than the 2003 picture.
Above: The mummy of Pharaoh Seti I is the most lifelike of the great pharaohs of Egypt, and a tribute to the embalmer's art. His Nordic features remain crystal clear and because of the excellent preservation process, Seti's mummy can easily be compared with a relief of his face made in his lifetime at the Temple at Abydos. Seti was the son of the great Ramses I, and became pharaoh in 1320 BC. He reoccupied lands in Syria lost to earlier Syrian invasions, conquered Palestine and conducted campaigns against the Semitic Libyans and the Indo-European Hittites.

RACIAL IMAGES IN EGYPTIAN ART

Egyptian art is also filled with racial images: slaves and enemies of Egypt are almost always depicted as Semites or Blacks (with one or two Nordic slaves thrown in - they are easily identified by not only their facial features but also by their depiction with blond hair). These slaves were probably captives from wandering Indo-European invaders who had the misfortune to fall into bondage in Egypt.

From left to right: An original wooden statue of the Egyptian King Hor (circa 1783 - 1633 BC, on display at the Cairo Museum, Cairo, Egypt). The eyes of the statue, inlaid with quartz or lapus lazuli, shine up with either blue or gray eyes, depending upon the lighting.

Above: A blue eyed statue from the earliest Egyptian dynasties: A bust of an Egyptian noble lady from the fourth dynasty - around 2600 BC. A strikingly lifelike figure, inlaid with lapus lazuli blue eyes, it was placed inside the lady's tomb.	Above: Semites, clearly identified as racially foreign with distinctive "Jewish" noses, present tributes to the Egyptian pharaoh, a painted scene from the tomb of Sobkhotep at Thebes.

All this is not to say that no other races lived in the area. There lived a significant number of Semitic Arabic racial types, who had settled there from their homeland in the Arabian peninsula. These non-White peoples were, however, for many years - centuries even - excluded from mainstream Egyptian society because of their race, being most often used as laborers, along with Blacks captured by the Egyptians in warring expeditions even further south into modern day Sudan.


EGYPTIAN ACHIEVEMENTS

Aside from the stupendous achievement of building the pyramids, the White civilization of Egypt is credited with many achievements, some of which benefit to this day. The Egyptians were the first to divide the solar year into 365 and one quarter days and twelve months, each of three weeks of ten days long, with five extra days at the end of the year.

The Egyptians also became famous for their medical skills, although the difference between magic and science does not appear to have been fully made. Evidence exists of advanced surgery having been carried out as far back as the First Kingdom, and many techniques and herbal remedies were taken over in toto by the Classical Greeks and survived right into medieval European times.

In contrast to Mesopotamian writing, Egyptian writing (hieroglyphics, meaning "sacred signs") remained pictorial in content throughout the span of this civilization. Egyptian writing was only deciphered in 1822 after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.

This coffin, dating from the 12th Dynasty (1976-1947 BC) belongs to a nobleman named Khui, who was wealthy enough to have a decorated casket, something which only the upper classes could afford. Note his blond hair coloring. (‘Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo’ by Mathaf Al-Misri, Araldo De Luca (Photographer), Francesco Tiradritti (Editor), Harry N Abrams; ISBN: 0810932768; September 1999)	This stela comes from Abydos, and dates from the Middle Kingdom (circa 2040 - 1640 BC). The writing identifies the man for who the stela was made as one Dedusobek. (‘Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo’ by Mathaf Al-Misri, Araldo De Luca (Photographer), Francesco Tiradritti (Editor), Harry N Abrams; ISBN: 0810932768; September 1999)
Blond-haired attendants, from the tomb of Djehutihotpe, Deir el-Bersha, Middle Kingdom Period. T. G. H. James, Ancient Egypt: The Land and its Legacy (London: British Museum Publications, 1988), p. 90
Red-haired goddesses, from the tomb of Pharaoh Merneptah (1213-1204 BC). Alberto Siliotti, Guide to the Valley of the Kings (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996), p. 59

THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (THE SECOND KINGDOM) 2060-1785 BC

The period 2270 - 2060 BC was marked by great instability in Egypt, where the political unity of the country fell to pieces for the lack of a strong leader. Only in the year 2060 BC was Egypt again politically united and once again rose to its Old Kingdom splendor, although never again managing to build anything of the size of the Great Pyramids of Giza.

This period of political unity did not however last longer than 70 years, and around the year 1785 BC, a divided Egypt was conquered by a Semitic tribe known as the Hyksos, who had little trouble subjecting the Egyptians, aided through the use of iron weapons and the horse and chariot, neither of which the Egyptians had seen before. The Hyksos themselves had been attacked with this weapon by the Indo-European Nordic tribes who had developed the chariot on their route south from their respective homelands in the north.

It took some 200 years for the Egyptians to rebuild their strength and the Hyksos were only finally expelled in 1580 BC - after the Egyptians had managed to master the new weapon of horse and chariot and turn it against the Hyksos.

The Egyptian records show that the Minoans from Crete had helped to fight the Semitic Hyksos invaders - further evidence of the close links between the Egyptians and the Old European civilization.

However, the result of 200 years of Hyksos rule left its mark upon the Egyptian population, and a small but from then on growing number of the original White populace began to show physical characteristics which mark the start of the dissolution of the White gene pool into the White/Semitic mix which came to characterize virtually the entire Middle and Near East.

However, the majority of the Egyptian population was still overwhelmingly original White at this stage - it was only with the Third kingdom and its expansion into areas heavily populated by Nubians (Blacks from Sudan) and Ethiopia (occupied by masses of Arab/Semitic peoples) that large numbers of these non-White peoples came to be prominent in Egyptian society, either as slaves or freemen.

Above: Original statue of Pharaoh Amenemhet III, (1841 - 1797 BC) showing clear White racial characteristics.	Statue of Thutmoses III 18th Dynasty (1539 - 1295 BC) Cairo Museum

THE NEW KINGDOM (THE THIRD KINGDOM) 1580-1085 BC

The third (and last) great surge in Egyptian power came with the expulsions of the Semitic Hyksos. Adopting the horse and chariot, energetic and expansionist pharaohs set about consolidating Egypt and establishing an empire. Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, Nubia and northern Sudan (the latter with large Black populations) were all conquered and incorporated into the Egyptian empire.

The greatest expansionist king was Thutmose III (circa 1501 - 1447 BC) and a series of tall pointed stone columns (called obelisks) were built to commemorate his various campaigns. Only four of the obelisks survived the ages and strife of Egypt's history, and today they stand in Istanbul, Rome, London and New York, silent reminders of the greatness of a bygone age.

The greatest pharaoh of this time was Amenhotep III (1411 - 1375 BC) who built Thebes up into the world's most magnificent city of the time. Amenhotep built many other huge structures, including the temple of Luxor at the city of Thebes.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 8: Egypt: Nordic Desert Empire

Part Three: Racial Imagery in Tutankhamen's Tomb

TUTANKHAMEN

Tutankhamen, the boy king (who died when he was 18) reigned around 1350 BC. Although he died too young to become a pharaoh of any great significance in his own time, he gained fame when his tomb was discovered virtually intact in 1924 (one of the few tombs to be found in such a good state - most had been the subject of grave robbers centuries before). It is the gold burial mask of Tutankhamen, which has come to symbolize ancient Egypt.

However, the real significance of the finds in Tutankhamen's tombs has been largely ignored: amongst Tutankhamen's possessions are some of the most graphic racial images in Egyptology.

One of Tutankhamen's thrones, the ecclesiastical chair, has on its' footstool the "Nine Bows" - the Egyptian name for the traditional enemies of Egypt. The finely crafted figures on the footstool are of nine Blacks and Semites tied together in chains. Their positioning on the footstool was so that when the pharaoh sat on his throne, his enemies would be under his feet.

Above: Racial imagery from Tutankhamen's tomb: the ecclesiastical throne, shown assembled, and a full view of the footrest. Bound Semitic and Black prisoners appear on the footstool: the Egyptian king would rest his feet on his foes.
Above: Racial imagery from Tutankhamen's tomb: bound Semitic and Black prisoners decorating the curved end of Tutankhamen's walking stick: when the Egyptian king went for a walk, he would hold the enemies of Egypt in his palm.

Another graphically racial image found in Tutankhamen's tomb is to be found on one of his walking sticks. The handle is made up of a bound Semite and a bound Black: so that when the Egyptian king went for a walk with his royal walking stick, he held the enemies of Egypt in his hand.

Yet another candid racial image from Tutankhamen's tomb is to be found in a pair of his sandals. Inlaid with a picture of a Semite and a Black, the pharaoh would trample his enemies underfoot when he walked.

Racial imagery from Tutankhamen's tomb: the Egyptian king's sandals have bound Black and Semitic prisoners inlaid into the soles: when the king walked in these shoes, he would crush the enemies of Egypt underfoot.

Tutankhamen's famous wooden chest, which was found in the antechamber of his tomb, contains yet another striking scene. On its sides, it shows the Egyptian King riding a chariot and trampling the "Nine Bows" or enemies of Egypt: Blacks and Semites.

A general view of Tutankhamen's wooden chest and below, a detail from the side, showing Tutankhamen trampling Blacks and scattered Semites under the wheels of his chariot and under his horses' hooves. Note also the three Black slaves fanning Tutankhamen at the rear of his chariot - the use of non-White labor being the primary reason why that civilization was eventually overrun by the non-Whites.

By Tutankhamen's time then, the Egyptians were clearly aware of the growing numbers of their racial enemies creeping up on them. These graphic and stunning references to clearly identifiable racial enemies of Egypt are all the more remarkable when it is born in mind that the population make-up of Egypt had, by the reign of Tutankhamen, already started to swing heavily against the original White Egyptians, with Black and Semitic slaves being commonplace within that civilization.

In addition to this, a significant number of Egyptians themselves were now of mixed race, the Hyksos occupation having left behind a number of Egyptian/Semitic mixes. Significantly, Tutankhamen's widow attempted to strike an alliance with the Indo-European Hittites who had in the interim became the leading power in the Near East, by arranging her marriage to a Hittite prince. (The marriage never took place, as the husband to be was killed just prior to the ceremony).

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 8: Egypt: Nordic Desert Empire

Part Four: Racial Imagery in Egyptian Art

Statue of Senusert I, dating from the 12th Dynasty (1937 - 1759 BC) Cairo Museum	Obsidian head of unknown king, dating from the 12th Dynasty (1937 - 1759 BC) (Murray, M, The Splendour that was Egypt. plate LV, Readers Union, London 1951
Hatshepsut, from Deir el Bahari, 18th Dynasty, circa 1485 BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.	Merit, wife of Maya. 18th Dynasty, c. 1345 BC. Rijskmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands.
Statue of Mer-en-Ptah (Siptah), 19th Dynasty, (1295 - 1186 BC) Cairo Museum	Statue of Rameses II, 19th Dynasty, (1295 - 1186 BC), British Museum

Bust of Queen Nefertiti, circa 1350 BC, Egyptian Museum, Berlin.

FURTHER REFERENCES TO RACIAL IMAGES

Other references to racial features can be found in the following works: “The tomb of the wife of Zoser, the builder of the first pyramid in Egypt, has a painting of her showing her with reddish-blond hair.” (‘The Ra Expeditions’, Thor Heyerdahl, Garden City, Doubleday, 1971, p.249)

"A funerary mask with the attributes of the goddess Isis shows a vivid blue-green color of eyes.” (‘A General Introduction to the Egyptian Collections in the British Museum’, London, Harrison and Sons, 1930, p.49)

“The mummy of the wife of King Tutankhamen has auburn hair.” (‘Tutankhamen, The Golden Monarch’, Michael Carter, N.Y. 1972 p.68)

“Red-haired mummies were found in the crocodile-caverns of Aboufaida.” (‘Remarks on Mr. Flinders Petries Collection of Ethnographic Types from the Monuments of Egypt’, Henry George Tomkins, Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. XVIIII, 1889, p.216)

“A blond mummy was found at Kawamil along with many chestnut-colored ones.” (‘L'Aryen, Sa Vie Sociale’, De Lapouge, G. Vacher,. Paris, Pichat, 1899, p.26)

“Amenhotep III's tomb painting shows him as having light red hair.” (‘Ancient Egypt, Discovering its Splendors’, National Geographic Society, 1978 p.103)

“An Egyptian scribe named Sakkarah around 2500 B.C. has blue eyes.” (‘Life of the Ancient Egyptians’, Eugen Strouhal, Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1992, p.53)

“A common good luck charm was the eye of Horus, the so-called Wedjat Eye. The eye is always blue, and the word "wedjat" means "blue" in Egyptian. Queen Thi is painted as having a rosy complexion, blue eyes and blond hair.” (‘Races Humaines de la Vallee du Nil’, E.T. Hamy, Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, 1886, p.739)

“Paintings from the Third Dynasty show native Egyptians with red hair and blue eyes.” (‘Historia del Arte Vol III’, Jose Pijoan, Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1932, plate XI)

“The god Nuit was painted as white and blond.” (‘Le Nil et la Societe Egyptienne’, H. Champollion, Marseille, Musee Boreby, 1973 p.94)

“A painting from Iteti's tomb at Saqqara shows a very Nordic-looking man with blond hair.” (‘Painting, Sculpture and Architecture of Ancient Egypt’, Wolfhart Westendorf, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1968 p.65)

Above: A mural from the palace of Ramses II in Memphis, circa 1279 BC, shows the pharaoh grasping enemies of Egypt by the hair - two Semites and a Black Nubian. Alongside: a close-up of the three victims in Ramses' grasp.