March of the Titans

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 8: Egypt: Nordic Desert Empire

Part Five: The Nubians and the Fall of White Egypt

SEA PEOPLES

From the time of Tutankhamen onwards, the final decline of Egypt was irreversible. Later kings tried to reverse the trend - sometimes they succeeded, temporarily, in rolling back the waves of conquest and counter conquest in Palestine and Syria, and at one time a pharaoh did manage to take a Hittite princess as a bride.

But there were fresh enemies: Egypt was now attacked by new Indo-European invaders emerging from the Aegean, the so-called Sea People. As their name implied, they arrived by boat and raided Egyptian settlements, leaving again by the means that they arrived. These Sea Peoples were mainly comprised of Philistines from Asia Minor and Aecheans from mainland Greece.

Egyptian illustrations of the time show prisoners being taken with light hair and light eyes - Sea People raiders unfortunate enough to fall into captivity in Egypt, where they could expect no mercy.


THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE WHITE EGYPTIANS

Ever since the time of the Hyksos invasion and the fall of the Second Kingdom, the demographic shift amongst the Egyptian population had been against the original Whites. Slowly at first, but then speeding up, non-Whites or mixed racial types began to make up more and more of that country's population - drawn in as slaves, laborers, immigrants or invaders.

These other racial types were of two sorts: Semites (whom the Egyptians called "Sand Dwellers") and Blacks, from region of Nubia in the far south (present day Sudan). A review of Egypt's relations with Nubia is therefore crucial to understanding what happened to the White Egyptians, and why they vanished.

A bound and kneeling Nubian,
a prisoner of the Egyptians.

RACE WAR WITH NUBIA

Clashes between the Egyptians and the Black Nubians had long been a feature of Egyptian history, with the first campaigns against the Nubians being launched by Old Kingdom pharaohs around 2900 BC. In 2570 BC, Pharaoh Sneferu launched a concerted attack upon Nubia. Egyptian records show that 70,000 prisoners were taken, a figure that must have been a staggering amount at the time. In 1296 BC Egypt conquered Nubia and built a series of massive forts to protect Egypt's southern borders against the Nubians, with the most famous of these being the fort at Buhen, that had walls which were 111 meters high and 4.5 meters thick.

Along the banks of the southern Nile huge stones were erected upon which, in hieroglyphics still visible today, the passage of Blacks past those points was forbidden - the first public "Whites Only" signs in history.

At the time of the Hyksos invasion of Egypt, many local Nubian kings allied themselves with the Hyksos and inflicted defeats upon the weakened Egyptians. When the Hyksos were finally driven out, the White Egyptians exacted a terrible revenge upon the Blacks, launching many campaigns of conquest and suppression against them, all the while bringing back thousands into Egypt as slaves - a racial time bomb which was eventually to destroy Egyptian civilization.


EGYPTIAN WRITINGS ABOUT BLACKS

Egyptian slave market - note Negroes kneeling, waiting to be sold. Bologna Museum.

The White Egyptians left many written references to the Black population in Nubia and in their own midst. In fact, at one point, their writings record a law that forbade Blacks from entering their country at all.

An overview of these written inscriptions is highly worthwhile and devastates claims by pro-Black historians, who, in an attempt to distort the historical record, claim that the ancient Egyptian civilization was Black in racial origin. The most complete record and translation of these scripts was undertaken by professor James Henry Breasted, Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History in the University of Chicago in his work "History of Egypt, from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest", Second Edition, 1909 - for anyone interested in a detailed overview, based on original Egyptian sources, this book is well worth reading.

All the writings quoted below have been extracted from Breasted's work and are based on original Egyptian records.


EGYPTIAN RACIAL WRITINGS : THE SIXTH DYNASTY

An inscription that was written by Count Uni, who was Governor of the South, reads as follows: (Uni was an official of the Old Kingdom.)

"His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-Dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands: in the entire South . . . . among the Irthet Blacks, the Mazoi Blacks, the Yam Blacks, among the Wawat Blacks, among the Kau Blacks, and in the land of Temeh."

This is an example of an Old Kingdom (2980-2475 BC) Pharaoh using thousands of Blacks as mercenaries: the army was sent into southern Palestine and "returned in safety after it had hacked up the land of the Sand-Dwellers."

"His majesty sent me to dig five canals in the South, and to make three cargo-boats and four row boats of Acacia wood of Wawat. Then the Black chiefs of Irthet, Waway, Yam and Mazoi drew timber therefore, and I did the whole in only one year. The Pharaoh came to inspect this work and at the coming of the king himself, standing behind the hill country, while the chiefs of Mazoi, Irthet and Wawat, did obeisance and gave great praise."

This writing shows very clearly the use of Blacks as labor - and illustrates how Blacks were slowly but surely drawn into Egyptians society.

Above: An Egyptian wall painting showing Black Nubians bringing gold offerings - showing how the White Egyptians depicted their Black neighbors circa 1850 BC.

EGYPTIAN WRITINGS: THE TWELFTH DYNASTY

A sandstone stela found in the sanctuary of Wadi Halfa contains an account of the Nubian expedition of Pharaoh Sesostris I, which carried this king's wars to their southernmost limits. At the top of this stela there is a relief showing Sesostris I standing facing the Lord of Thebes, who says:

"I have brought for thee all countries which are in Nubia, beneath thy feet."

The god then gives to the king a line of bound captives, symbolizing Nubian towns.

The inscription of Prince Amenim, which is carved into the stone in the doorway of his cliff-tomb in Benihasin, describes the Black lands as "vile." It reads as follows ("Kush" was one of the Black lands) :

"I passed Kush sailing southward, ... then his majesty returned in safety having overthrown his enemies in Kush the vile."

The inscription on the stela of Sihathor, an "Assistant Treasurer" is now to be found in the British Museum., reads as follows:

"I reached Nubia of the Blacks, ... I forced the Nubian chiefs to wash gold."

"TO PREVENT THAT ANY BLACK SHOULD CROSS..."

The final conquest of Nubia was attained by Sesostris III in 1840 BC. This king conducted four campaigns against the Blacks and erected several forts at strategic points, making Nubia a permanent colony of Egypt.

Pharaoh Sesostris II, 12th Dynasty, circa 1845 BC, who forbade Negroes from entering Egypt. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

The first Semneh stela inscription recounting the subjugation of Nubia by Sesostris III reads as follows:

"Southern boundary, made in the year 8, under the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sesostris III, ... in order to prevent that any Black should cross it, by water or by land, with a ship, or any herds of the Blacks; except a Black who shall come to do trading in Iken, or with a commission. Every good thing shall be done with them but without allowing a ship of the Blacks to pass by Heh, going down stream, forever."

EGYPTIAN RACIAL WRITINGS: THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY (1580-1350 BC)

The inscription of Ahmose reads:

"Now after his majesty had slain the Asiatics, he ascended the river...to destroy the Nubian Troglodytes; his majesty made a great slaughter among them."

The Tombos Stela of Thutmose I reads:

"He hath overthrown the chief of the Nubians; the Black is helpless, defenseless, in his grasp. He hath united the boundaries of his two sides, there is not a remnant among the curly-haired, who came to attack; there is not a single survivor among them...They fall by the sword...the fragments cut from them are too much for the birds."

In the annals of the great warrior king, Thutmose III, at the sixth Karnak pylon, there is a list that contains no less than 115 of the names of the towns and districts of the conquered Nubian regions.

Another pylon at Karnak contains possibly four hundred towns, districts, and countries conquered in Nubia. Inscribed on a black granite tablet Karnak is the famous "Hymn of Victory" which reads as follows:

"I have bound together the Nubian Troglodytes by the tens of thousands. The northerners by hundreds of thousands as prisoners."

Another remarkable inscription is to be found on the Semmeh Stela of Amenhotep III, now to be found in the British Museum in London. It reads as follows:

"List of the captivity which his majesty took in the land of Ibbet the wretched." List of Prisoners and Killed Living Blacks 150 heads Archers 110 heads Female Blacks 250 heads Servants of the Blacks 55 heads Their children 175 heads Total 740 heads Hands thereof 312 United with the living heads 1,052 "

Above: The mummy of the red haired Egyptian King, Ramses II, is on public display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

THE RED HAIRED RAMSES II - LAST SIGNIFICANT WHITE PHARAOH

Egypt's last display of national vigor came with the red haired Pharaoh Ramses II (1292 - 1225 BC). Ramses II managed to re-establish the already decaying Egyptian Empire by recapturing much land in Nubia.

He also fought a series of battles against invading Indo-Europeans, the Hittites. This was culminated with the battle of Kadesh in northern Syria. Ramses signed a treaty with the Hittites in 1258 BC, which ended the war. In terms of the treaty, Ramses took as his wife an Indo-European Hittite princess. His other achievements included the building of the rock-hewn temple of Abu Simbel, the great hall in the Temple of Amon at Karnak, and the mortuary temple at Thebes.

After this king, Egypt entered into a steady period of decay, caused directly by the elimination of the original Egyptians, and their replacement with a mixed population made up of Black, Semitic and the remnant White population. This racially divergent nation was never again to reach the heights achieved by the First, Second or the first part of the Third Kingdoms. In these later years there were competing claimants to the pharaohs throne, many of whom, racially speaking, bore no resemblance to the original pharaohs at all.


MIXED RACE PHARAOH IS THE LAST PHARAOH

The true Egyptians had all vanished at the very latest by 800 BC, and the divided and weakened Egypt was easy prey to numerous invaders, some Semitic, some Nubian and some Indo-European, none of whom established any sort of permanent rule.

Racial mixing and the fall of Egypt: Above left, a bust recovered from a tomb of a man presumed to be one of the lesser sons of Pharaoh Khufu, and above right, his wife, also recovered from the same tomb. The portraits show clearly that the wife was at least of partly Negroid origin. (Mendelssohn, K., 'The Riddle of the Pyramids', Thames and Hudson, 1974, page 140).

The most prominent Nubian invaders set up a new kingdom, claiming to be the inheritors of the previous kingdoms, called today the 25th dynasty. This 100-year dynasty saw a number of mixed race rulers from 730 BC to 633 BC, all claiming to be pharaohs and attempting to revive some of the older practices, such as mummification.

The non-White "Egyptians" were however an illusion - the true White Egyptians had vanished, along with their society, and the Nubian dynasty sputtered out of its own accord. The last pharaoh of this Nubian dynasty, Taharka, whose mixed race ancestry is clear from sculptures, was driven from his throne by invading Assyrians, and it is from this fall of Taharka that historians formally date the fall of Egypt, although in reality the last true Egyptian had disappeared nearly two hundred years previously.

THE END OF ANCIENT EGYPT: OVERRUN BY THE BLACK NUBIANS

Left: the White Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III circa 1450 BC, and right, the Black Nubian Pharaoh Shabako, circa 710 BC. The last White Egyptians had vanished prior to 800 BC, physically integrated into the mass of Nubian and Semitic peoples who had come to dominate that land. The resultant mixed race population was unable to withstand new invaders, some Semitic and some Black. The most prominent of the Black Nubian invaders then set themselves up as new Egyptian kings, later called the 25th Dynasty, dated from 746 - 655 BC. As can be seen from the racial features of the statue of Shabako, above right, the 25th dynasty was clearly non-White. Compare Shabako's features to the unmistakably White visage of pharaoh Tuthmosis III (1490-1436 BC) left. Unable to maintain the originally White civilization they had inherited, the 25th Dynasty sputtered out of its own accord and was finally destroyed by an Assyrian invasion. Although the fall of Egypt is officially dated as from the end of the 25th Dynasty, in reality the true ancient Egyptians had vanished more than 200 years earlier.

SKULLS - DETAILED STUDY REVEALS PAST

The course of racial developments in Egyptian history has been backed up by anthropological research. The British anthropologist G.M. Morant produced a comprehensive study of Egyptian skulls from commoner and royal graves from all parts of the Egyptian lands and times. His conclusions were that the majority of the population of Lower Egypt - that is in the Northern part of the country - were members of the (now virtually extinct) Mediterranean White sub-race. In the south (or Upper Egypt) this population pattern was repeated but this time showing a certain percentage of Black admixture (reflecting the proximity of the Nubian settlement). Significantly, Morant found that with the passage of time, the differentiation in skull types between Upper and Lower Egypt became less and less distinct, until ultimately they became indistinguishable - the surest sign of the absorption of the White sub-race into the growing non-White mass. (Race, John R. Baker, Oxford University Press, 1974, page 519).

After passing under Ethiopian, Assyrian and Persian rule, Egypt was finally occupied in 325 BC by the Greek Macedonian Alexander the Great (whose tribe was one of the original Indo-European invaders of the Greek peninsula).

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 9: Alpha and Omega - The Rise and Fall of Civilizations

[B]What is meant by a "civilization"? There are probably as many definitions as sources one would care to consult - many of them are subjective in nature, classifying nations by technological advances or other narrow factors.

For the purposes of this book, civilization will be taken to mean the entire ambit of social/cultural manifestations which are characteristic to any particular nation or racial group. In this way the accusation of subjectivity can be avoided. Civilization, in the broadest sense of the word, includes all social manifestations, from social interactions to language, art forms, science, technology, customs and culture.

It is therefore possible to talk of a Japanese civilization, an American Indian (Amerind) civilization, a Polynesian civilization, an Australian Aboriginal civilization, a Black civilization and a White civilization, without being subjective about any of them.


THE QUESTION POSED BY RISE AND FALLS

When reviewing the historical development of all nations, quite often mention is made of a "rise and fall" of particular civilizations. This poses a major question: why is that Japan, Sweden, England and Germany (as examples), all nations with limited natural resources, can have progressive active cultures after more than 2,000 years - and then why did such mighty nations as Rome, Greece, Persia and India, amongst others, produce active vibrant civilizations for a few centuries, and then fall, never to rise again?

Politically correct historians blame the rise and fall of the great nations of the past on politics, economics, morals, lawlessness, debt, environment and a host of other superficial reasons.

However, Japan, England, Sweden and Germany have gone through crises of these nature scores of times, without those countries falling into decay. It is obvious that there must be some other factor at work - something much more fundamental than just a dip in politics, morals, lawlessness or any of the other hundreds of reasons that historians have attempted to dream up.


EACH SOCIETY UNIQUE TO EACH PEOPLE

Herein lies the key to understanding the rise and fall of all civilizations, no matter where they are or who they are. In any given territory, the people making up the society in that territory create a culture which is unique to themselves. A society or civilization is only a reflection of the population of that particular territory. For example: the Chinese civilization is a product of the Chinese people, and is a reflection of the makeup of the population living in China. The Chinese civilization is unique to the Chinese people, they made it and it reflects their values and norms.

As the Chinese people made the Chinese civilization, it logically follows that the Chinese culture would disappear if the Chinese people were to disappear.

Presently the overwhelming majority of Chinese people live in China, creating the Chinese civilization in that land. If however Australian Aborigines had to immigrate into China in their millions, and the Chinese population had to dramatically reduce in numbers, then in a few years the character of Chinese civilization would change - to that reflecting the new inhabitants of that territory.

In other words, the society or civilization of that territory would then reflect the fact that the majority of inhabitants were now Aborigines rather than Chinese people. If China had to fill up with Aborigines, this would mean the end of Chinese civilization. Aborigines would create a new civilization which would reflect themselves, and not that of the Chinese people.

That this should happen is actually perfectly logical. It is has nothing to do with which culture is more advanced, or any notions of superiority or inferiority - merely a reflection of the fact that a civilization is a product of the nature of the people making up the population in the territory.


A THEORETICAL EXAMPLE

To go back to the Chinese example: if all Chinese people on earth had to disappear tomorrow, then fairly obviously, Chinese civilization and culture would disappear with them. It is exactly this startlingly obvious principle which determines the creation and dissolution of civilizations - once the people who create a certain society or civilization disappear, then that society or civilization will disappear with them.

If the vanished population is replaced by different peoples, then a new society or culture is created, which reflects the culture and civilization of the new inhabitants of that region.


A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE

There are numerous examples of this process at work. One which will be familiar to all is the shift which occurred in North America. On that continent, the Amerind (American Indian) people lived for thousands of years, creating a civilization which dominated that continent. In other words, the civilization and culture which dominated North America reflected the fact that the Amerind people lived and formed the majority population there.

After 1500 AD, however, that continent filled up with White immigrants from Europe. These White immigrants displaced the Amerinds by squeezing them out of possession of North America.

The great shift in North American civilization then occurred. Whereas the Amerind culture had dominated for thousands of years, in a few hundred years the dominant civilization on that continent had become White European. This shift reflected the fact that the majority of inhabitants of North America had become White Europeans - and the Amerind civilization, for all practical purposes, disappeared. The Amerind civilization in North America "fell" because the population of North America changed.


RACIAL SHIFT PARAMOUNT

This effect - the displacement of peoples and the subsequent disappearance of their civilization - has direct implications in racial terms. So the rise and fall of any particular civilization can therefore be traced, not by the economics, politics, morals etc. of a particular civilization, but rather by the actual racial presence of the people themselves. If the society which has produced a particular civilization stays intact as a racially homogeneous unit, then that civilization remains active.

If, however, the society within any particular given area changes its racial makeup - through invasion, immigration or any decline in numbers - then the civilization which that society has produced will disappear with them, to be replaced by a new civilization reflecting the new inhabitants of that territory.


DISAPPEARANCE OF WHITES LED TO THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THEIR CIVILIZATIONS

Originally created by Proto-Nordics, Alpines and Mediterraneans, and then influenced by waves of Indo-European invaders, the White civilizations in the ancient world, the Near and Middle East all flourished, producing the wonders of the ancient world.

These regions were either invaded or otherwise occupied (through the use of laborers or by immigration, or in rare cases, by conquest) by non-White peoples - Semitic speaking peoples, and in many cases Black peoples.

What happened was that the original White peoples who made up those civilizations vanished, were killed, or were absorbed into other races, and with their disappearance, so their civilizations "fell" in exactly the same way that the Amerind civilization in North America "fell."


500 BC - FIRST TURNING POINT IN WHITE HISTORY

It is around the year 500 BC, that the first great turning point in White history was reached. This was the decline of the first great White civilizations in the Middle and Near East and their replacement by nations and peoples of a substantially different racial makeup.

Up until this time the development of the White race's territorial expansion was such that they were a majority in Europe and all of Russia west of the Urals; and formed a significant component of the population of the Middle East, extending their rule into the Indus River Valley in Northern India.


INDIA - ORIGIN OF THE CASTE SYSTEM

In India, for example, the Indo-Aryan population was diminished by four factors:

• A large non-White (Indian) immigration northward into the region to do work offered by the society and civilization set up by the conquering Indo-Aryans;
• A high natural reproduction level amongst the non-White immigrants;
• The level of racial mixing amongst Aryans and the Indians, which, by creating a new mixed ethnic identity, also changed the racial makeup of the inhabitants of the region; and
• A decline in the birth rate amongst the Aryans.

In India, the invading Indo-Aryans established a strict segregation system to keep themselves separate from the local dark skinned native population. This system was so strict that it has lasted to this day and has become known as the caste system.

However, even the strictest segregation (and Aryan laws prescribing punishments such as death for miscegenation) did not prevent the majority population from eventually swallowing up the ruling Aryans until the situation has been reached today when only a very few high caste Brahmin Indians could still pass as Europeans.

Exactly the same thing happened in Central Asia, Egypt, Sumeria, and to a less marked degree, in modern Turkey. Slowly but surely, as these civilizations relied more and more on others to do their work for them, or were physically conquered by other races, their population makeup became darker and darker.


EGYPT - DECLINE A RESULT OF MISCEGENATION WITH SLAVES

The original White Egyptians, for their part, had from the time of the Old Kingdom, been using Nubian - or Black - and Semitic (or Arabic) labor to help with the work on many of their building projects or as general slaves.

Above: Evidence of the use of
Black slaves in Egyptian society.
This Egyptian kohl (eye paint)
pot is carried by a young Black
Nubian slave girl - no doubt the
pot's owner would have been
served by just such a female
slave. The pot dates from the
18th Dynasty (1567 - 1320 BC).

At various stages the Pharaohs also employed Nubian mercenaries, and ultimately Nubia and Sudan were physically occupied and incorporated into the Egyptian empire. Although the buildings of ancient Egypt are very impressive - many having survived through to present times, technologically speaking, their construction was dependent on the Egyptian ability to organize an unprecedented mass of human labor.

Under the direction of a scribe and architect, thousands of slaves and regiments of soldiers labored for decades to create the great buildings, using only levers, sleds and massive ramps of earth. It is impossible to think that such massive use of slave and foreign labor would not have left some mark on the population of the land. Interbreeding took place, and this combined with the natural growth and reproduction patterns of the slaves and laborers meant that in a relatively short time they compromised a significant section of the population.

Despite several attempts to prevent large numbers of Nubians from settling in Egypt - one of the first recorded racial separation laws is inscribed on a stone on the banks of the Southern Nile, forbidding Nubians from proceeding north of that point - the use of Nubians for labor of all sorts gradually led to the establishment of a resident non-White population. This population gradually grew in numbers, through natural reproduction and continued immigration.

The region also was occupied for 200 years by the Semitic Hyksos, who also intermarried with the local population, and this was followed up with other Semitic/Arabic immigration, fueled by the long existing Black settlement on the southern most reaches of the Nile river itself.

Once again the factors which led to the extinction of the Aryans in India came to work in Egypt - a resident non-White population to do the labor - a natural increase in non-White numbers - physical integration - and a decline in the original White birth rate - all these compounded to produce an eventual Egyptian population makeup of today that is very different to the men and women who had founded Egypt and who had designed the pyramids.

As the population makeup shifted, so the cultural manifestations, or civilization, of that region, changed - to the point where the present day population of the Middle East is not by any stretch of the imagination classifiable as White.

This explains why the present inhabitants of Egypt are not the same people who designed the pyramids. The Egyptians of today are a completely different people, racially and culturally, living amongst the ruins of another race's civilization.

EGYPT: SAME COUNTRY, DIFFERENT PEOPLE
1350 BC	100 AD	1970 AD
On the left, the White female pharaoh, Queen Nefertiti, circa 1,350 BC; in the center, the effects of racial mixing are clearly to be seen on the face of this coffin portrait of a Roman lady in Hawara, Egypt, 100 AD; and on the right, the mixed race Egyptian, Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt in the 20th Century. Nefertiti ruled over an advanced civilization; Sadat ruled over a Third World country. The reason for the difference in cultures between Nefertiti's Egypt and Sadat's Egypt was that the Egyptian people themselves had changed.

MIDDLE EAST

The decline and eventual extinction of the White populations in the Middle East mark the end of the original civilizations in these regions. In all the Middle Eastern countries the Semitic (Arabic), and Black populations also began to grow as they were increasingly used as labor by the ruling Whites - or in the case of Sumer, where the White rulers were physically displaced by military conquest at the hands of Semitic invaders.

This process continued until virtually all remains of the original Whites in the greater region were assimilated into the darker populations, with only the occasional appearance of light colored hair or eyes amongst today's Iraqis, Iranians, Syrians, and Palestinians, left to serve as reminders of the original rulers of these territories.


LESSON - ROLE OF RACIALLY FOREIGN LABOR IN THE DECLINE OF A CIVILIZATION

The lesson is clear: as long as a race - any race, be it White, Black, or Mongolian - maintains its territorial integrity and does not start to rely on others not of its own or similar race to provide its labor, that civilization will stand intact. Once it starts to allow large numbers of other races into its midst (to do the labor and then to integrate with the original population) then that civilization will change - or in many cases, vanish completely. This fact applies equally to all civilizations, no matter who their original creators are, anywhere in the world.

A civilization - any civilization, be it White, Black, Asian or Aboriginal - stands or falls by the homogeneity of its population, and nothing else. As soon as a society loses its homogeneity, the nature of that society changes.

In reality, this is a perfectly logical principle and is not even an opinion, but a simple statement of fact and of the obvious.


GREECE AND ROME

The early White civilizations in Greece and Rome also fell to this process. The last great Grecian leader, Pericles, actually enacted a law in the year 451 BC limiting citizenship of the state by racial descent.

However, some 400 years later this law was changed as the population shifts had become more and more evident. Today there are significant genetic differences between many inhabitants of Greece and the original inhabitants of that country, although this change is not as complete as in a place such as Egypt

Above: Classical Greece lasted from 800 BC to 400 BC. Its fall can be traced to a shift in population make-up which occurred there from 500 BC onwards, when the first Black slaves and Black freemen began to enter that society. Within 100 years of Blacks becoming commonplace in ancient Classical White Greece, that civilization collapsed. Two original depictions, both dating from circa 500 BC, show the trend clearly: Above left: A vase depicting a Negroid female, and right, a double headed vase showing a Black and a White face, reflecting the two elements in late Grecian society (see chapter 10)

Certain Roman leaders also tried to turn back the racial clock, but ultimately these efforts were also to be in vain - the sheer vastness of the Roman Empire meant that all sorts of races were included in its borders, and this heady brew ultimately led to the dissolution of the original Roman population, as described in detail in a later chapter of this book.

Those who occupy a territory, determine the nature of the society in that territory. This is an immutable law of nature which cannot be escaped. This is very principle upon which history is founded: history is a function of race.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 10 : The Hellenes - Classical Greece

The Greek peninsula, and its northern borders, the Balkans, had previously been settled by the original European peoples during the Neolithic Age. These peoples had created the Old European civilizations, which were some of the most advanced in Europe at the time.

From approximately 5000 BC onwards, the Indo-European peoples had started flooding westwards, at first conquering but then integrating with these original Old European peoples.

This massive influx of peoples brought about the fall of these Old European civilizations - and in their place arose the two great civilizations which have come to epitomize the classical world: Greece and Rome.


MYCENAE AND DORIANS - FOUNDERS OF ATHENS AND SPARTA

The first of these new great peoples was the Mycenaean civilizations, started around the year 1900 BC. The Mycenaeans were however dispersed by yet another Indo-European invasion, that of the Dorians. The Mycenaeans settled in large numbers on islands off the present day Turkish coast, establishing what became known as Ionia and the Ionian civilization. The Dorians established their capital city at Sparta, a city which, along with Athens, was to become synonymous with the history of Classical Greece.

Above: The citadel of Mycenae, reconstructed to what it looked like at its height. The genesis of Classical Greek culture was born and nurtured here, one of the earliest Indo-European invasions of the Grecian lands.

By approximately 1000 BC, the waves of invading Indo-Europeans had started to come to an end, and a semblance of stability returned to central and western Europe. Together with the original European peoples, the new Nordic settlers built upon the Old European civilizations, with the first great "city states" being built on the Greek peninsula.


HELLENIC AGE 800 BC - 400 BC

The four hundred years stretching from 800 BC to 400 BC are known as the Hellenic Age, and mark the height of classical Greek civilization. Around this time the Greeks also founded the city of Byzantium, later to become famous as Constantinople and today called Istanbul.

It was only the later Romans who called the inhabitants of this region Greeks - they referred to themselves as Hellenes, hence the Hellenic Age.

In 776 BC, the first Olympic Sports games were held at Olympia: held every four years in honor of the god Zeus, these games lasted in that form until the year 394 AD. During these celebrations, virtually all the Grecian city states sent athletes to Olympia, and any wars that might have been proceeding at the time were temporarily halted for the games.

Above: Nordic racial types in original Classical Greek sculpture: on the left, the head of a victor in the Olympic Games; center, the Greek leader Menelaus; and right, the goddess Aphrodite.

IDEOLOGICAL DIVISION - OLIGARCHY VERSUS DEMOCRACY

A knowledge of the nature of the city state is crucial to an understanding of the history of Classical Greece. Far from being an united people, the Greeks established themselves in walled, fortified and quite often self sustaining cities, each being fiercely independent and seemingly wont to go to war with each other at the proverbial drop of a hat.

By 750 BC, two distinct ideologies had formed amongst the Greek city states. The first was an oligarchy: - ruled by an educated elite. The second was a limited form of democracy - rule by the citizens.

The city of Sparta was the leading exponent of the oligarchical system, with the city of Athens being the leading exponent of the democratic system. Four city states in particular achieved prominence: Sparta, Corinth, Athens and Thebes. The last three of these cities were plagued by political uncertainty for long periods, with government forms alternating between democracies, monarchies and oligarchies.

Sparta was the only exception to this variance in political form: throughout it steadfastly remained a relatively stable oligarchy, and actively despised the democracies.

'Rapt Maenad' - detail from
a painted Amphora, Attic,
circa 500 BC. Note the hair
coloring. Museum Antiker
Kleinkunst, Munich, Germany.

SPARTA AND RACE - WORLD'S FIRST EUGENICS

The Spartans themselves kept their society strictly divided into three classes: by blood. At the top were the Spartans themselves, nearly all Nordic, ruled by their kings (Sparta had two kings from two ancient families).

The middle class comprised mainly of the original Greeks and some later descendants of other Indo-European invaders (such as the Dorians). This middle class tended to be less Nordic in appearance than the Spartans themselves.

The lowest class of Spartan society were the darkest in the society, called helots, who were mainly Original Mediterranean racial types who had mixed with North African (Arabic, Nubian and Semitic) slaves imported into the region at an earlier date.

The Spartans devoted themselves full time to military and physical training. Every Spartan man was a lifelong soldier, never taking part in any other function of society. The middle classes undertook all the commercial activity in Spartan society, while the lowest classes did the manual labor. The existence of this full time and fully trained professional army class was unique in history, and the city of Sparta was the only Grecian city which did not have city walls - so feared were the Spartan soldiers, that none deemed it wise to attack the city.

The Spartans also practiced a crude form of racial eugenics (improvement of the racial line) - allowing only the best and perfect specimens amongst them to survive to adulthood. All new babies were examined by a council of elders and any mentally retarded or severely deformed children were deliberately left to die.

The Spartans also regularly engaged in what was known as the Crypteia - the wholesale slaughter of hundreds of helots at a time, officially recorded as a necessary measure to preserve their society.

In addition, Spartan laws dictated heavy penalties for celibacy and late marriage, and exempted those from taxes who had more than four children.

The end effect of all these measures was a gradual Nordicization of Spartan society. This process was however to run out of steam as the warlike nature of the Spartans finally whittled away their warrior class, many being killed in battle before having time to procreate in sufficient numbers to keep up a steady population growth.

So weakened, the Spartans were to be finally overrun by an Indo-European people from north Greece, the Macedonians. Thus the Spartans are virtually unique in that they did not disappear through racial integration, but rather through self extermination in endless wars.

Although not as formally defined, more or less the same racial class mix prevailed in virtually all of the southern Greek city states, with the lowest (and darkest) classes always being the numerically superior group - and also being continually supplemented by the importation of slaves and laborers from other territories which from time to time fell under the sway of the various city states.

Above: a Hellenic pot, dating from between the 5th and 6th Centuries BC, showing a laying in state. The pot shows well the racial make-up of the Hellenic population: a mix of Nordic and Mediterranean types. The person laying in state and the female mourner on the left have dark hair, while the individual on the right has light hair. (Note also the swastika at the bottom).

ATHENS - EVOLUTION OF GOVERNMENT

Athens passed first through a period of oligarchy, then into autocracy and finally into a limited democracy. There was however no standing army although the Athenians could, once mobilized, put a very powerful military force into the field.

The two ideological systems which prevailed in the different city states - oligarchy and democracy - came into direct conflict with one another - and this conflict played a major role in destroying the power of Classical Greece, although the final blow which caused the disappearance of Classical Grecian power was, once again, the infusion of foreign blood.

The influx of non-White foreigners into Classical Greece came about through the large scale colonization of neighboring territories. Although some territories upon which Greek colonies were established, had racially compatible natives (such as the then population of southern Italy - different from that residing there today - and the Mediterranean coast of France and eastern Spain) - many were however not compatible at all.

The importation of slaves into mainland Greece from areas such as Asia Minor, North Africa and other parts of the Middle East started and continued unabated between the years 700 BC and 500 BC - all of which ultimately left their mark upon a significant section of the Greek population of the time.

Above: An oil flask, dating from the mid 5th Century BC, showing a man taking leave of his wife to fight in the wars. Once again the pot shows well the White racial types present in Hellenic society - dark and fair-haired.

Originally the Classical Greeks prided themselves upon possessing the "fairest eyes . . . of all the nations" or so wrote the Jewish physician and sophist Adamantius during the 4th Century AD (Physiognomica, iii. 32).

As the darker elements in Grecians society grew in number, so did the desire to mimic the original Nordic blond haired type. The Greek writer Euripides, for example, wrote a tract on how Greeks dyed their hair blond, and many other Greek writers left tracts describing how hair could be dyed blond with natural chemicals.

This is not, however, to say that the Classical Greeks did not do enough damage to themselves by constant fighting with other Whites and themselves, with the first of these great and lingering conflicts being with the Persians.


THE ATHENIAN WARS WITH PERSIA 490 - 480 BC

The originally Indo-European Persians had started expanding their empire around 550 BC - and this expansion westward included occupying the Ionian city states, founded by the remnants of the Mycenaean peoples.

After the Persian King, Darius I, ascended to the throne, the Ionians rebelled and re-established their independence and for five years, from 499 BC to 494 BC, the Ionians held out against the Persians.

Above: A splendid original statue
of an Athenian soldier in full battle
dress. Soldiers such as this fought
both the Greek/Persian and the
Inter-Greek Wars from
490 to 404 BC.

The Persians did however reconquer Ionia and as punishment, destroyed the largest city in that region, Miletus.

During the Ionian rebellion the city state of Athens had sent material aid to Ionia, and this act led to the Persians deciding to punish the Athenians. Thereafter followed two Persian invasions of the Greek mainland, in 490 BC and 480 BC respectively. The first Persian invasion force was however defeated at the battle of Marathon and the invaders were forced to retreat and wait another ten years before re-launching their forces.


THERMOPYLAE - LEONIDAS' HEROIC STAND

The second invasion began when the Persian king Xerxes I in 481 BC, brought together one of the largest armies in ancient history, crossing the Bosporus strait over a bridge made of boats.

The Greeks met the Persian army in 480 BC at Thermopylae, where the Spartan leader Leonidas I and several thousand soldiers heroically defended a narrow pass.

A treacherous Greek showed the Persians another path that enabled the invaders to enter the pass from the rear. Leonidas permitted most of his men to withdraw, but he and a force of 1,400 Greeks fought until they were all killed by the overwhelmingly numerically superior Persian force.

The Persians then proceeded to Athens, capturing and burning the abandoned city. The Persian fleet then set sail after the Greek fleet, meeting them in battle off the island of Salamis near Athens. This battle, which saw over 700 ships from both sides engage one another for virtually an entire day, ended in defeat for the Persians. The Persian King, who had watched the battle from a golden throne on a hill overlooking the scene, fled back to Persia.

In the following year, 479 BC, the remainder of the Persian ground forces in Greece were beaten at the battle of Plataea.

In 478 BC a large number of Greek states formed a voluntary alliance, the Delian League, to drive the Persians from the Greek cities and coastal islands of Ionia. Athens, its status amongst the Greek city states enhanced by the victory at Salamis and Plataea, led the alliance. The victories of the League resulted by the year 466 BC in the liberation of the Ionian islands from Persian rule.


PERICLEAN GOLDEN AGE - VOTE BASED ON BLOOD

From the years 460 BC to 429 BC, Athens and many Grecian cities went through what is now known as its Golden Age.

Athens was under the leadership of an immensely popular leader named Pericles, who, although a democrat (in the limited Athenian sense of the word - only adult males of a certain class were allowed to vote), was most certainly under no illusion of the potential threat to his society posed by the influx of non-White peoples.

In 451 BC, Pericles enacted a law limiting Athenian citizenship by biological descent - only those born of an Athenian mother and an Athenian father could be citizens - in other words voting rights were granted on the basis of blood only.

Above left to right: Pericles of Athens, original Greek sculpture; Sophocles of Athens, original Greek sculpture; Zenon of Cyprus, founder of the Stoic philosophy, original Greek sculpture.

During the time of Pericles, Classical Greece reached the heights for which it is remembered today: amongst his more famous achievements was the construction of the Parthenon on the acropolis in Athens, built from 447 BC to 432 BC and dedicated to that city's patron goddess, Athena Parthenos. This monument still stands today as a world famous beacon of Classical Greece.

Above: The Parthenon, Athens, 447-438 BC, as it is today, and below, the acropolis as it appeared during Athens' golden age. Pericles, Athens' greatest ruler, and Phidias, her greatest architect, raised the city to such heights that her sheer aesthetic beauty has been unsurpassed to this day. When the Romans finally occupied Greece - long after the latter's collapse - they were in awe of the sheer splendor and beauty of Athens, and took much of their architecture and artistic style direct from Classical Greece.

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March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 10 : The Hellenes - Classical Greece - Part II

THE INTER-GREEK WARS 431 BC - 404 BC

The wars between the Greek city states, known as the Peloponnesian Wars, (named after the peninsula) were the immediate cause of the collapse of the military might of Classical Greece.

After the end of the Persian Wars, Greece had divided into two alliances - the Spartan League (mostly monarchies or oligarchies led by the city Sparta) and the Athenian Empire (mostly democracies led by the city Athens).

Internal politicking, jealousy, general mistrust and the conflict between democracy and oligarchy led to the outbreak of war between the two alliances.

The first phase of the war was inconclusive; whereas the Spartans had a strong land force, the Athenians were most powerful at sea. The city state of Athens was furthermore protected by massive and well built fortifications, which included the "Long Walls" - an incredible set of approximately seven mile long walls lining a single road linking Athens with its major port, Piraeus, through which the Athenian navy could keep the city supplied in times of siege.

In 430 BC, a plague broke out in Athens and a quarter of the population, including Pericles, died. The Spartan League also suffered as the plague spread, and by 421 BC both sides were exhausted. A peace treaty was signed, but the peace was short-lived and a renewed conflict broke out in 415 BC, when the Athenians attempted an invasion of Sicily, where Spartan aligned colonies had been established.

The Persians, still smarting from their defeat at the hands of the Athenians in 480 BC, then intervened, offering the Spartans money and skills to build a fleet to match that of the Athenians, on condition that the Spartan League guaranteed the Persians a free hand in Ionia.

The Spartan League accepted and by 405 BC, the new Spartan fleet scored a decisive naval victory at a harbor called Aegospotamoi in Thrace. The Spartans captured 170 Athenian ships and took about 4,000 prisoners, a blow from which Athens could not recover. The Spartans then renewed their siege of Athens.

This time, without a fleet to supply the city, the will to resist collapsed and along with the spread of famine in 404 BC, caused Athens to finally surrender.

Above: Two Greek soldiers in battle. The inter-Greek Wars, known as the Peloponnesian Wars (431 -404 BC) were fought between alliances led by Athens and Sparta respectively. The wars ended in defeat for Athens, and with Spartan rule extending all over Greece. The wars however had an important racial side effect - they dramatically reduced the number of Indo-European inhabitants of the land. This, combined with the importation of large numbers of mixed race slaves from the near East and Africa, contributed significantly to the collapse of Classical Greece.

The Peloponnesian Wars were at an end, but they had exacted such a toll from all the Greek city states that the number of Whites had been significantly reduced. This, combined with physical integration with the imported mixed race slaves from the Middle East and Africa, was the primary cause of the collapse of Classical Greece.

By 400 BC, none of the formerly great city states could withstand the new power in the north, that of Macedonia. From this land was to emerge Alexander the Great, who conquered all the warring Grecian city states in 338 BC.


GREEK ACADEMIA

Great buildings are not the only legacy of Classical Greece. Between the years 700 BC to 400 BC, there were great philosophical, cultural and scientific achievements as well. Any review of Classical Greece is incomplete without an overview of these great works.

Greek philosophy is today still held in high esteem. The father of philosophy was one Thales (636 BC - 546 BC) who lived in the Ionian city of Miletus. Thales was the first philosopher to offer an explanation of life in terms of natural causes, and not in terms of the whims of gods.

• The geometrician Pythagoras (582 BC-500 BC) came from Samos in Ionia, and is most famous for his geometric theory to do with the right angled triangles.
• Another group of philosophers came to be known as Sophists, teachers of debate known as rhetoric. The Sophists insisted that truth in itself was a relative concept and denied the existence of any universal standards. The most famous Sophist was Protarus (490 BC - 421 BC) from whose name the word "protagonist" originates.
  
  
  

  Above: from left to right: Socrates: an Alpine Greek racial type, original Greek sculpture; Demosthenes of Athens, original Greek sculpture; Euripides of Athens, original Greek sculpture.

• In the fourth century a philosopher named Diogenes founded a school of philosophers known as the Cynics. They had no respect for rules and regulations of society and lived very simply. Diogenes lived this philosophy to the extreme, at one stage using a large storage jar as his home.
• The Stoic philosophers were named after the stoa (porch) where their founder, Zenon, taught. They believed that if people acted naturally they would behave well, because their nature was controlled by the gods.
• The most outstanding opponent of the sophists was the Athenian born Socrates (470 BC - 399 BC) who believed in and quested after an eternal truth. Unfortunately for him his quest eventually led to his enforced suicide after his fellow Athenians accused him of disobeying religious laws and of corrupting the youth.
• The greatest of Socrates' disciples was Plato (427 BC - 347 BC) who achieved immortality by writing the first systematic treatise in political science, The Republic. Plato saw society as being divided into three classes - bronze (the workers); silver (the middle class); and gold (the ruling class). Significantly, Plato was the first renowned philosopher to recognize race as a factor in the rise and fall of civilizations. In The Republic he stated that the first requirement of continued statehood was the necessity of retaining racial homogeneity.
• Plato's greatest pupil was in turn Aristotle (384 BC to 322 BC) who wrote well on a large number of topics including art, biology, mathematics, politics, logic and rhetoric. Aristotle also was the tutor of Alexander of Macedonia, who was later to become ruler of most of the known world in his short life.
• Hippocrates (circa 420 BC) was a brilliant physician who revised much of what was till then known about medicine. His Hippocratic oath is still used by doctors today as a code of professional ethics.
• Great Greek playwrights include Aeschylus (525 BC - 456 BC); Sophocles (496 BC - 406 BC) best known for his play Oedipus Rex (properly known as Oedipus Tyrranus), about a man who mistakenly marries his mother; Euripides (480 BC- 406 BC); and the comedian Aristophones (445 BC- 385 BC).
• One freed slave became famous as a story teller: Aesop (properly named Aesopus), who lived in the fourth century BC, is best remembered for his collection of short stories, each with its own moral lesson.

Above: Greek theater, Epidaurus, circa 350 BC.

THE GREEK GODS

Greek Mythology consists in essence of a number of stories about a variety of gods. The Greek beliefs had several characteristics in common with many other Indo-European pre-Christian religions: gods often resembled humans in form and showed human feelings and did not involve specific spiritual teachings. As the mythology had no holy book or defining manual, the interpretations and practice thereof also differed widely. In this mythology the gods lived on a holy mountain, Mount Olympus, in what was a fairly ordinary society with a strict hierarchical structure.

The main gods and their respective areas of responsibility reflect the very earthly nature of the religion as a whole:

• Zeus was the head of the gods, and the spiritual father of all the other gods and people. He was also very commonly known as Dias.
• Hera was Zeus's wife, and also the queen of heaven and the guardian of marriage.
• Hephaestus was god of fire and metalworkers.
• Athena was the goddess of wisdom and war and official patron of the city named after her.
• Apollo was the god of light, poetry, and music.
• Artemis was the goddess of wildlife and the moon.
• Ares was the god of war.
• Aphrodite was the goddess of love.
• Hestia was the Goddess of the Hearth.
• Gaea was the goddess of the earth.
• Hermes was the messenger of the gods and ruler of science and invention.
• Poseidon was the ruler of the sea who, with his wife Amphitrite, led a group of less important sea gods, such as the Nereids and Tritons.
• Demeter, the goddess of agriculture, was associated with the earth.
• Hades, an important god but not generally considered an Olympian, ruled the underworld, where he lived with his wife, Persephone. The underworld was a dark and mournful place located at the center of the earth, populated by the souls of the dead.
• Dionysus was the god of wine and pleasure, and as a result was one of the most popular gods. Not surprisingly there were many festivals devoted to him. Dionysus was accompanied by a host of creatures called satyrs (creatures with the legs of a goat and the upper body of a monkey or human), centaurs ( the head and torso of a man and the body of a horse), and nymphs (beautiful young fairy like women).
• The very name Europe is derived from that of the Greek goddess Europa, the daughter of the Phoenix, which was able to resurrect itself from the ashes after being killed in fire.

The Greeks believed that the gods controlled all aspects of their lives, and that they as mortal beings were totally dependent upon the good will of the gods. Each city devoted itself to a particular god or group of gods, for whom temples were built. In this way Athena was protector of the city of Athens, and once a gold statue of her stood inside the Parthenon, a spectacular ruin still visible on the acropolis hill in that city.

There were other holy places - Delphi was a holy site dedicated to Apollo. A temple built at Delphi contained an oracle, or prophet, who claimed to be able to see into the future; a similar temple was built at Didyma in modern day Turkey.

Above: Classical Greek religion was inherently Indo-European in origin, and many of their Gods had obvious parallels with other European religions. Here are the remains of the Temple at Delphi in Greece. Here was an oracle who - allegedly - could see into the future.

The most intriguing part of the Greek pantheon was that the gods, despite their superhuman powers, showed human foibles and errors of judgment - a strange mix of the supernatural and the very physical, showing clear similarities to the gods of the northern European Indo-European religions.

Above: The Classical Greek emphasis on sport and physique is reflected in these famous statues: Left, Discobolus: a Roman copy of a Greek original (Museo Nazionale Romanon, Rome); and right, Aphrodite of Cnidus, a Roman copy of a Greek original (Vatican Museum, Rome).

THE DARKENING OF GREECE - CITIZENSHIP TO FOREIGNERS

In 411 BC, forty years after Pericles had enacted his law limiting citizenship to those of biological Athenian descent only, the law was turned on its head and citizenship of Athens was given to tens of thousands of foreigners who had entered Athens, particularly from the Middle East, with the argument being used that the city state had to make up the huge population losses suffered as a result of the Persian and inter-Grecian wars.

By this stage the racial mix of Athens and many other Grecian city states was beginning to show the effects of the importation of peoples from elsewhere in the Middle and Near East, and significant sections of the population had become darker than even during Pericles' time.

This darkening of the population (caused partly by the Nordic and original European elements of Grecian society warring themselves to death - and partly by the importation of masses of already mixed Middle Eastern peoples) runs directly in tandem with the decline and fall of Classical Greece.

Above left: In this 300 BC Grecian statue above, a Black African slave is shown polishing a boot. On the right, a Greek statue of a Negro musician dating from between the 4th and 3rd Centuries BC. Biblotheque Nationale, Paris.

The downfall of Classical Greece - the importation of non-White slaves. It was the importation of large numbers of racially foreign slaves which was to lead to the dissolution of the Classical Grecian civilization.

Above: Three pots, dating from the 5th Century BC, showing the racial types in Ancient Greece: One is clearly Semitic, another Black. These pots are on public display at the National Museum, Athens.

Above: A vase depicting a Negroid female as the witch Circe.	Above: A double headed vase showing a Black and a White face, reflecting the two elements in late Grecian society.	Above: A detail from the mummy case of Artemidorus the Younger, a Greek who had settled in Thebes, Egypt, during Roman times (100AD), showing the change in racial types which occurred in Greece.

The gradual darkening of the Grecian peoples was noted by many famous Greek writers of the time. By drawing comparisons with the Greek peoples, the surrounding Nordic tribes were of fair complexion. Hippocrates makes reference in his works to the "long heads" (that is, Nordic skulls) of the Macedonians - while Aristotle made copious references to the fairness of the Scythians and the Macedonians.

The Greek soldier and historian Xenophon (430-354 BC) also made a point of referring to the blond haired and fair eyed Macedonians and Scythians in his book Anabasis, which described a Greek expedition against the Persians.

By the time of the Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus (who reigned directly after Julius Caesar), the Roman historian Manilius counted the Greeks as amongst the dark nations of the world, referring to the Greeks as part of the "colorate gentes" (Astronomica, iv, 719.) It is likely that Manilius was referring to the Hellenistic World in general, rather than the inhabitants of the Greek Peninsula alone, as many people from the surrounding areas had by that stage adopted much of Greek culture, and were linguistically and culturally relatively indistinguishable from the Hellenes themselves - as there were of course still Whites in Greece itself, then and now.

Another factor which influenced the racial make-up of Greece was the existence of the Byzantium Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire which drew all manner of Middle Eastern mixed types to the region. This process, which happened over a period of centuries, was to be aggravated by the Turkish invasion of Greece and the Balkans.

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March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 11 : Conqueror and Creator - Alexander the Great

The appearance of Alexander the Great on the stage of history is a remarkable example of how one person's strength of will in a leadership position can change the course of world events. From out of nowhere Alexander burst upon the ancient world and turned it on its head, and then, just as quickly, he vanished.

To the north of Greece lay the territory of Macedonia, a nation whose origins lay in an invasion of the area by a Nordic tribe some time during the great Nordic migrations which occurred from around 5000 BC onwards.

Archaeological investigations have revealed how Nordic the Macedonians were - particularly in contrast to the peoples who, by the time of the first Macedonian expeditions, made up the majority of the inhabitants of southern Greece.

Above: A detail from the Alexander Sarcophagus, showing Alexander on a horse supported by an infantryman. Alexander's hair is portrayed as blond-red, as is the pubic hair of the infantryman on the left - sure indicators of the racial types present. The Sarcophagus dates from the 4th Century BC, and is currently in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

ALEXANDER SARCOPHAGUS

The famous Alexander Sarcophagus (also known as the Sarcophagus of Sidon, dating from 310 BC and presently in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul) depicts Macedonians as having White skin, fair hair and blue eyes while Alexander himself was a stereotype Nordic. (For a photograph of the Alexander Sarcophagus, see Chapter seven).

Above: Alexander the Great, conqueror of the then known world with his mighty Indo-European army, which swept down from north of Greece and went as far as India.

PHILIP II - FATHER OF ALEXANDER

The Macedonians were a relatively quiet people until their potential was unleashed by an energetic king, Philip II, in 359 BC. After firmly establishing Macedonian unity, Philip set about invading the Greek peninsula, occupying Athens in 338 BC. He then turned his attention to the Persian empire to the East.

Before he could actually invade Persia, Philip was assassinated in 336 BC, soon after he discarded his queen, Olympias, (who was Alexander's mother) and had taken a new wife, Cleopatra (not the one famed as an Egyptian queen).

It is cause for speculation that this domestic upheaval led to Philip's assassination, possibly arranged even by his son, Alexander. Whatever the case, Philip was given a royal burial, his tomb being discovered intact and in pristine condition in 1977 AD.

Philip's crown passed to his 20 year old son, Alexander, who in the year 334 BC set out to crush the Persians once and for all. In doing this he managed to unite most of the Greeks and became undisputed master of the Greek peninsula.


WARS AGAINST PERSIA - 334 BC

Alexander began his war against Persia in the spring of 334 BC by crossing the Dardanelles with an army of 35,000 Macedonian and Greek troops. His chief officers, all Macedonians, were Antigonus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus, all to later play significant roles in history themselves.

At the river Granicus, near the ancient city of Troy, Alexander launched a surprise attack on a 40,000 strong Persian force. The Macedonians defeated the Persians, losing, according to Alexandrian exaggeration, only 110 men. Whatever the truth, the victory was overwhelming, and as news of the decisive victory spread throughout Turkey, all of the sub-continent submitted to Alexander without putting up a fight.

Alexander then took on the main Persian army, commanded personally by King Darius III, at Issus, in modern north eastern Syria. Still only having around 35,000 soldiers, Alexander attacked the Persian army estimated by Macedonian records to be 500,000 strong - probably another exaggeration - but nonetheless indicative of the odds that Alexander faced. Incredibly enough, and probably due to his genius as a military leader, Alexander won the day at the Battle of Issus, in 333 BC - which saw the utter rout of the Persian forces.

Above: The basic unit, or speira, in Alexander's army. The 256 men are ranked in close order, 16 deep. In a charge, the spears of the first five ranks projected forward to break the enemy ranks - the rest of the men held their spears skywards to deflect arrows or other projectiles. Tactics such as these helped Alexander's Nordic army overcome overwhelming odds time and time again during their breathtaking march from Greece right through the Near East, to India itself.

LEBANON AND EGYPT

Pushing southwards, Alexander then stormed the fortified city port of Tyre in modern Lebanon, seizing the city after a siege of seven months. Alexander then captured Gaza and in quick succession occupied Egypt, the disorganized and enfeebled non-White chieftains there offering little real resistance.

In 332 BC Alexander founded a new city in Egypt - which he modestly called Alexandria. This city would later became the literary, scientific, and commercial center of the Greek world. Cyrene, the capital of the ancient North African kingdom of Cyrenaica, submitted to Alexander soon afterwards, extending his dominion to the lands of the city of Carthage, where his Indo-European Nordic troops set up a ruling aristocracy (and from whom ultimately the great General Hannibal would emerge to test the Roman Empire some 200 years later).


THE FALL OF BABYLON

Turning northward again, Alexander drew up reinforcements and with an army of 40,000 infantrymen and 7,000 cavalry, marched on Babylon. Crossing the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, he met the Persian King Darius once again, who, according to Macedonian records, had drawn up a new army one million strong - certainly once again an exaggeration, but still without any doubt badly outnumbering Alexander's forces.

At the Battle of Gaugamela, on 1 October, 331 BC, Alexander once again beat Darius, who fled and was killed by two of his own generals. The city of Babylon then surrendered and Alexander occupied the Persian capital city of Persepolis. Within three years, Alexander had occupied a huge stretch of land, and all resistance crumbled before his ruthless Nordic army. His empire extended along and beyond the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, including modern Afghanistan and northward into central Asia.

Above: Alexander and his great foe, Darius III of Persia, meet at last. After his defeat, Darius fled to Medea, in 331 BC where he was murdered just before Alexander caught up with him. Here the final meeting is reconstructed according to original accounts: Alexander still paid respect to his dead foe who had long been the scourge of Greece and Macedonia.

IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE ARYANS - ALEXANDER INVADES INDIA

In order to complete his conquest of the remnants of the Persian Empire, which had once included part of western India, Alexander crossed the Indus River in 326 BC, and invaded the Punjab region, following the footsteps of the Indo-Aryans of some 1,200 years previously.

At this point Alexander's army rebelled and refused to go any further, seeing no point in marching endlessly on, getting further and further away from their homes without any respite in sight. Sensing that he had to get his men home quickly, Alexander then pulled off another incredible feat. He constructed a fleet of ships then and there and sailed down the Indus river, reaching its mouth in September 325 BC. He then sailed with his army to the Persian Gulf and returned overland across the desert, arriving in Babylon in 323 BC.

It was while on this return journey that Alexander contracted fever and died in Babylon.


ALEXANDER'S AMAZING LEGACY

All in all, Alexander founded 25 cities - an amazing achievement all by itself. Many of them bore his name, or local translations of his name, but one became most famous of all: Alexandria in Egypt. Founded in 332 BC, this city became the new capital of Egypt and in 300 BC a library and a place of learning was started, later to become world famous as the Alexandrian library. The library was said to have contained the greatest single concentration of contemporary knowledge in the world at that time.

Alexandria also became noted for its famous lighthouse - 70 meters tall with a fire being reflected by mirrors and visible 50 kilometers away, this soon became one of the seven wonders of the world. Although only active for a very short period of 13 years (336 BC - 323 BC) and dying at the age of 33, Alexander etched his name into history by single handedly creating what was until that time, the greatest land empire ever seen. He was buried in Alexandria in Egypt.


ALEXANDER'S RACIAL UNITY - DOOMED TO FAILURE

Despite having easily overcome all the mixed race peoples of the Middle and Near East, Alexander himself publicly declared himself to be in favor of further racial integration.

To this end he was an ardent exponent of ensuring the compliance of invaded nations by issuing orders that his Macedonian occupiers be integrated with the subject peoples. He ordered for example that all his generals to take wives from the conquered peoples, most of whom were racial mixtures of Semites, Arabics, Negroids and original Whites.

Alexander himself took a non-White wife, a Persian princess who was of mixed race. He also started dressing like the peoples he had conquered, and in 324 BC at a city called Susa he personally officiated at an arranged mass wedding of 9,000 of his senior army officers to Middle Eastern wives - the famous "marriage of East and West" meant to symbolize the new racial unity he was hoping to create.

Upon Alexander's early death, virtually all of his senior officers who had been forced into these multiracial marriages renounced their imposed wives and set up pure White Macedonian ruling classes in the areas which had been placed under their control.


ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE DIVIDED

At the time of his death there was no obvious successor to Alexander (as his one son was very young and the other was retarded - both were murdered in 305 BC and that ended the debate on succession), and within two decades his empire split into four units, three of them ruled by his former generals. Asia was ruled by Seleucus and his family - who founded the Seleucidian empire - Greece and Macedonia by Antigonus - and Egypt by the most famous of these generals, Ptolemy. The fourth unit, Asia Minor (Turkey) became independent.


ANTIGONID GREECE

Antigonus and his successors ruled most of the Greek mainland from 281 BC until 168 BC, when they were finally defeated by the Romans. The conflict with Rome had escalated slowly, and had finally come to a head when the Antigonid kings, notably Philip V, had provided help to the famous general Hannibal of Carthage in his campaigns against Rome. This led to three wars with Rome, leading to the eventual defeat of the Macedonians in 168 BC. The Romans removed the Antigonids from power, but a pro-Macedonian revolt in 147 BC led directly to the Roman occupation of mainland Greece.


PTOLEMAIC EGYPT - WORLD'S FIRST MUSEUMS

Alexander's General Ptolemy, established the Ptolemaic reign in Egypt, which lasted from 323 to 30 BC. By far the best known Ptolemaic Egyptian queen was Cleopatra VII, a White woman who won fame due to her relationships with the Romans Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony.

Although the Ptolemies in particular ensured that their line was always pure Macedonian, they did take on many of the dress and cultural aspects of the long past ancient Egypt, calling themselves Pharaohs, producing monuments and buildings in the style of the ancient White Egyptians. Embalming and mummification became common once again.

Ptolemy I established a center of learning and research known as the musea, or as we know the type of institution today, a museum - the first in the world.

The Ptolemaic reign provided a new short lease of life to Egypt, but the largely Arabic/mixed race local population soon overwhelmed the heavily outnumbered White Macedonians, who had also had to contend with the vigorous new White civilization of Rome.

Ptolemaic Egypt included modern day Israel, parts of Syria and even a small part of southern Turkey. Most of these lands were however lost to military attacks by the Seleucidians - descendants of yet another of Alexander's generals - around the year 220 BC.

The loss of Palestine marked the waning of the Ptolemaic power in Egypt, with tensions between the overwhelmingly non-White Egyptians and the White Greek immigrant rulers erupting into violence.

Upper Egypt broke away and between 205 BC and 185 BC and was for that time ruled by its own non-White population. In spite of these pressures, the ruling White Macedonian Ptolemies preserved their Greek culture, and only the very last Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra VII, (the most famous one) ever bothered to learn the Egyptian language.

It was this Cleopatra who, after first becoming the lover of the great Roman, Julius Caesar, married his friend Mark Anthony after the former's murder. A Roman army subsequently defeated Cleopatra and Mark Anthony's combined forces (the battle of Actium) and after this Cleopatra and Mark Anthony committed suicide.

This event marked the end of the very last Hellenistic kingdom, that of Ptolemaic Egypt.

Above: White Macedonians rule Egypt: left, Ptolemy I Soter; and right, Queen Cleopatra VII - the first and the last of the Nordic Macedonian rulers of Egypt. Ptolemy was Alexander the Great's general who, upon the latter's death, took the land of Egypt as his kingdom in 323 BC. He set up a White ruling class over the large mass of mixed race inhabitants, then living amongst the ruins of the previous White civilization in Egypt. The Ptolemies kept themselves separate from the mass of non-White Egyptians, never even bothering to learn their language, but taking on the ways and customs of ancient Egypt. The Ptolemy family were to rule Egypt for another 300 years until the last, and most famous member of their line, Cleopatra VII, committed suicide and Egypt was added to the Roman Empire.

After the battle of Actium, Ptolemaic Egypt was handed over to Rome as yet another province. As the racial balance in the other parts of the area occupied by Alexander shifted increasingly against the Macedonians, so the remains of Alexander's empire slowly crumbled away to oblivion.

By the time of the defeat of Cleopatra VII, Alexander's empire had long since ceased to exist. As there were far too few pure Macedonians to colonize the entire empire, the Macedonian outposts were little more than islands in a sea of people who had long since lost any semblance of racial homogeneity.

It was therefore only a matter of time before these islands were submerged.


THE SELEUCIDIAN EMPIRE

Alexander's general Seleucus seized an enormous part of Alexander's empire, stretching from southern Turkey to the Sinai Desert (areas seized from Ptolemaic Egypt) and eastward to include Mesopotamia and parts of modern day Iraq and Iran. Despite repeated attempts to encourage Macedonian settlers into the region, the Seleucids never had enough manpower to control the vast area properly, and fairly soon their empire also began to crumble under the pressure of trying to contain large numbers of widely diverse racial and ethnic groupings within the borders of one state.

In the northern parts of the Seleucidian empire, for example, descendants of Macedonian soldiers teamed up with scattered Indo-European tribes and local mixed race peoples to break away from the Seleucids to form the relatively short lived states of Bactria and Parthia. Some of these Indo-Europeans were in fact marauding Celts, who had also occupied a part of Northern Macedonia itself.

Above: Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's Nordic generals who founded the Kingdom of Syria; from an original Macedonian sculpture.

The eastern reaches of the Seleucidian empire at one stage reached to the borders of India, but this region also steadily drifted out of control. In 168 BC, king Perseus of Macedonia, was defeated by the Romans at the battle of Pydna and the Macedonian monarchy was abolished.

In 146 BC, Macedonia and Greece became direct Roman provinces after a short-lived rebellion by the Macedonians, and in 64 BC, the Seleucid empire was conquered by the Roman general Pompey and became a Roman province.

The Romans did not realize it then, of course, but in occupying these regions they themselves took on the problem which had led to dissolution of Alexander's empire - the huge numbers of non-Whites who would soon overwhelm them in these regions and eventually penetrate right to Rome itself.


THE CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE ALEXANDRIAN AGE

The period from 320 BC - 30 BC is known as the Alexandrian age, and contributed a number of philosophic, cultural and scientific advances to Western civilization. It was during this time that three well known philosophies were formulated: Epicureanism, Stoicism and Skepticism.

• Epicureanism was started by the philosopher Epicurus (342 BC - 270 BC) of Samos on the Ionian coast in Turkey. Epicurus did not believe in an afterlife and taught that the highest good was to obtain material benefits during one's lifetime. This philosophy was later misinterpreted to mean merely sensual pleasure.
• In opposition to Epicurus was Zeno of Cyprus, who argued that there should be only one aim in life - freedom from the desires of life, where the ideal state was to be tranquil and indifferent to both pain and pleasure. This philosophy was called stoicism.
• Skepticism said that all opinions about pain or pleasure were subjective so there could not be one sensible truth or dogma - the skeptics questioned the very basis of all facts.

CIRCUMFERENCE OF EARTH MEASURED

As a result of Alexander's conquests, Greek science merged with what he had found in Babylon and Egypt and produced a number of advances. The expansion of geographic knowledge allowed scientists to make maps and plot the size of the earth, which was already identified as a globe through the observation of its shadow during a lunar eclipse.

• The keeper of the library at Alexandria, Erastosthenes (276 BC - 195 BC) calculated the circumference of the earth to within some 200 miles by measuring the difference in angles of shadows cast at midday by two identical poles set in the earth in the north and south of Egypt.
• In the third century BC Aristarchus of Samos first propagated the theory that the earth rotates on its own axis and revolves around a stationary sun. Not until the 1500s AD were scientists to realize that Aristarchus was right.
• Another great man from Alexandria was Euclid the mathematician (circa 300 BC) who developed the forms and theorems of geometry as still used today.
• Archimedes (207 BC - 212 BC) of Syracuse is most famous for his discovery of the laws of hydraulics, that a solid object displaces liquid to the same volume as the object itself (which he, probably apocryphally, is said to have discovered while in the bath and then run outside naked in the street shouting "Eureka"). Archimedes also calculated the exact ratio between the circumference of a circle and its diameter, known as Pi - and developed the famous Archimedes screw, a means of pumping water uphill through the use of a large screw in a tube.

The greatest contribution of the Alexandrian age was however the transference of a large amount of classical knowledge to the new power in Europe - Rome.

When Roman legions finally physically occupied Athens and mainland Greece, they marveled at what they found, and substantial amounts of sculpture, designs and other objects were physically looted and taken back to Rome, in many cases laying the basis for much of what is, quite wrongly, regarded as Roman Classical culture.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 12 : The Age of the Caesars - Pre-Christian Rome


Part One: The Origins of Rome And The Punic Wars

The Italian peninsula had originally been settled by a Proto-Nordic/Alpine Mediterranean White racial mix during the Neolithic age, with the Alpine and Mediterranean elements being in the majority.

From around 2000 BC, Indo-European migrants from central Europe (and originally from southern Russia) settled in northern Italy, crossing the Alps from present day Austria and Hungary. Amongst these people were Celtic tribesmen known as the Latini. Racially speaking, these tribesmen were predominantly Nordic in nature. Another group of Whites, known as the Etruscans, also settled in Italy by the year 800 BC.


THE ETRUSCANS

The Etruscans were a mixture of the original Old European White sub-groupings, but were culturally and militarily superior to the original inhabitants of Italy. As a result, they soon grew to dominate the major part of northern Italy.

The Etruscans established an advanced society, building cities and settlements which were certainly far more advanced than anything else seen in the country till that time. However, the Etruscans were not the only ones interested in Italy: also by 800 BC, a number of the Greek city states had also established settlements in southern Italy and Sicily. These were not merely imperialist colonies: the outposts also served as a buffer from the increasing number of forays from the aggressive and powerful city of Carthage, situated on the North African coast in the country known today as Tunisia.

Above: A Roman
cavalry officer, from
a sarcophagus found
in Asia Minor (Turkey)
circa 50 AD.

ROMULUS AND REMUS

According to Roman legend, the city of Rome was founded around the year 753 BC by the orphaned twin brothers Romulus and Remus, who were saved from death in their infancy by a she-wolf who had sheltered and suckled them.

Whatever the origins of the city, it is so that by the year 700 BC the city had been firmly established on the seven hills around the Tiber River valley, and by the 6th Century BC, the city and surrounding areas were ruled by the Etruscans.

The city of Rome was at this stage ruled by kings elected by the people. The symbol of the elected king of Rome became known world wide as a symbol of power: an axe head bound together in a bundle of reeds, called a fasces.

The rationale behind the symbol was that each tribe was represented by one reed - by themselves they could be easily broken, but bound together they could be a powerful force.

Above Roman lictors carrying fasces - reeds bundled together with an ax head fastened in-between. The symbol of authority in ancient Rome, it derived its meaning from the fact that singly, reeds can be broken and bent, but bound together, they are strong. The fasces symbol was taken world wide as a symbol of authority, and can be found in much western architecture the world over. Benito Mussolini and the Italian Fascist Party took not only the emblem as their own, but also their name from the fasces.

The fasces symbol, which was used by the 20th Century Italian leader Benito Mussolini, can still be seen today reposing under the hands of the Abraham Lincoln Memorial in the capital of the United States of America, Washington D.C., and inside the American Congress itself.

Advising the first Roman kings were the heads of all the leading families gathered together in a group called the senate.

This body remained in place, with varying powers, until the fall of the Roman Empire some 1,500 years later.

The senators and their families became the upper class of Rome, called the patricians, while the common people were known as the plebeians.


THE EARLY REPUBLIC (509 BC - 133 BC)

In the year 509 BC, a group of patricians led a rebellion against a particularly unpopular Etruscan king, threw him out and set up a republic in Rome. This rebellion's most famous incident was a battle outside the gates of Rome when the legendary Roman soldier Horatio personally faced off against the Etruscan king's army while the bridge to the city was destroyed, preventing the Etruscans from regaining control of the capital.

The power held by the former king was now passed on to two annually elected rulers, called consuls. Other cities within central and northern Italy formed an alliance and challenged the power of the new republic of Rome, leading to a Roman defeat at the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC.

Three years later, in 493 BC, the republic of Rome joined the alliance, and it became known as the Latin League and set about dislodging the last of the Etruscan strongholds.

Although originally not as advanced as the Etruscans, by 400 BC the Latini had adopted much of Etruscan culture and had in all respects surpassed their former masters, both militarily and culturally. The secret of their success - as indeed with the whole Roman Empire - was their astonishing ability to organize on a scale not seen since the days of the first Egyptians.

By 400 BC, the Latin League had successfully overthrown all the last vestiges of Etruscan rule, and from then on the Etruscan peoples were completely absorbed into the Latini, creating a Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean mix which became characteristic of the early and middle Roman Empire, with Nordic elements tending to form the ruling class.

A piece of painted pottery from circa 350-325 BC, south Italian (Tarentine), showing an actor. Called 'Tragic Actor Holding a Mask', it is a fine example of early Roman racial types, although it is possible that the actor himself is also wearing a mask. Martin von Wagner Museum, University of Würzburg, Germany.

Rome was acknowledged by all the tribes making up the Latin alliance as the leading city, even though, as it later turned out, they were unhappy with the situation.

It was during this period of nation forming that the Romans wrote their first major legal code: in 450 BC, the Law of the Twelve Tables was laid down, which served as the basis for not only the entire Roman legal system, but also the basis of virtually all modern legal systems in the world today.

(Mirroring the older Greek Spartan tradition, the Twelve Tables specifically called for the euthanasia death of any infant showing conspicuous deformities or retardation - an example of basic eugenics at work amongst these early Romans.)


CELTIC ATTACK - THE SACKING OF ROME IN 387 BC

However, the Romans faced another serious crisis. In 387 BC, Gauls, the descendants of Celtic tribesmen who had settled in France, launched an attack on Rome, and eventually sacked the city. They were only finally persuaded to leave by the Romans bribing them with gold.

The Gaulish invasion however showed a serious weakness in the ranks of the Latin League - the other components of the alliance had refused to help Rome against the Gauls.

This was not forgotten by the Romans, who, by 380 BC had not only rebuilt their city and had erected huge defensive walls around it, but had also started preparing a new and more powerful army than before.

In 338 BC, after entering into an alliance with certain smaller tribes around Rome, the Romans turned on their former allies in the Latin League and decisively defeated them, becoming by 280 BC, the dominant force in Italy.


GREEK WARS

Above: An original bust of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who came to Italy and Sicily with his army and elephants to help the Greek cities in those territories. Although gaining an initial victory, it was at such a cost to his forces that he was ultimately defeated. Ever since then, any hollow victory which ultimately leads to a defeat is known as a pyrrhic victory.

As Roman power and influence grew, so it became ever more inevitable that a clash with the Greek settlements in southern Italy would follow. War did indeed break out as the Romans started occupying the southernmost points of Italy.

A Grecian king named Pyrrhus, from the city of Epirus in northern Greece, was hired by one of the Grecian cities in southern Italy, Tarentum, to help ward off the Romans. Pyrrhus managed to inflict a defeat upon the Romans which temporarily stayed the latter's excursions.

However, the cost of the victory - in terms of men and materials - was so great, that it exhausted the Greek expeditionary force, and by 270 BC, all of Italy had fallen to Rome, with the Greeks being unable to maintain the war against Rome. Ever since then, any empty victory - which ultimately leads to a long term defeat - has been called a Pyrrhic victory.


CARTHAGE - A THREAT TO ROME

With the elimination of Greek bases in Italy itself, only the city of Carthage on the north African coast served as a power which could seriously threaten further Roman expansion. Carthage had been founded around the year 800 BC by the mixed Mediterranean/Semitic Phoenicians, and had become an independent and powerful force in its own right.

Carthage had grown over the centuries, with a large Nordic infusion having taking place after the region's occupation by Alexander the Great, and by the time of the wars with Rome, Carthage was at its peak.

The Latin word for Phoenician was Punicus - from which the word Punic was to derive, hence the Roman wars against Carthage are called the Punic wars.


THE FIRST PUNIC WAR (264 - 241 BC)

In 264 BC, war broke out between Rome and Carthage over possession of the island of Sicily. After suffering initial reverses, the Romans defeated the Carthaginians, who were forced to sue for peace in 241 BC. In terms of the peace treaty, Rome administered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, adding to the growing territorial possessions of the city republic.

Above: The city of Carthage, situated on the present day Tunisian coast, was for many years Rome's greatest enemy. Originally established by the Phoenicians, the city's population received a massive infusion of Nordic blood when it fell under the control of the Macedonian Alexandrian empire. Its ruling classes became virtually exclusively Nordic, and the city was built up on a scale that rivaled even Rome itself. Above: The remains of the harbor of Carthage, as it was captured in a photograph in the early 1920s. When Rome finally overwhelmed Carthage, its soldiers razed the city to the ground. ploughed salt into its fields (so that nothing would every grow there again); killed all the men and took the women and children into captivity.

THE SECOND PUNIC WAR (218 BC - 201 BC )

The Second Punic War is also known as Hannibal's war, named after the great Carthaginian general who, after a long epic campaign, very nearly routed the power of Rome. After having lost control of Sicily and other Mediterranean islands, Carthage sent an army to invade and occupy Spain between 237 BC and 219 BC. The original Whites and Celtic settlers in the region were no match for the battle experienced Carthaginians, and were overrun relatively quickly.

Then, starting in 218 BC, Hannibal led an army of about 50,000 men and a troop of 37 African elephants across southern France, through the Alps in northern Italy (only one of his elephants survived the incredible journey) and attacked the Romans virtually continually for the next fifteen years up and down the length and breadth of Italy.

Above: Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy. Only one elephant actually survived the crossing of the Alps.

Hannibal had many victories, with the greatest being the battle of Cannae where he defeated a numerically superior Roman force. For a while it appeared as if the Romans had finally met their match - but a Roman general, Scipio, hit upon the idea of repaying Carthage in kind. He invaded north Africa, using the logic that if Hannibal could invade Italy and threaten Rome, the Romans could invade north Africa and threaten Carthage. The tactic worked, and Hannibal was forced to return to defend Carthage, leaving behind much of his army on the European mainland.

Rome was then able to invade Spain and drive out the Carthaginian armies. Hannibal was finally defeated by the Romans at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, and another peace treaty followed. According to the terms of this treaty, Carthage agreed to disarm, pay an indemnity to Rome and hand over their Spanish colonies to Roman rule.

Hannibal himself was never forgiven by the Romans, who pursued him right into Asia Minor (Turkey) where he committed suicide in 182 BC.

Above right: A silver coin struck at Carthage around the year 220 BC, showing the Nordic face of Hannibal, that city's greatest warrior. Founded by the Phoenicians, the city of Carthage had received a major Nordic sub-racial input when it was occupied and colonized by Nordic Macedonians under Alexander the Great. It was from a long line of Nordic Carthaginian nobles that Hannibal was born. Alongside: A bronze bust of the Roman general, Publius Scipio, who finally defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama in 202 BC. The Romans called their new colony "Africa" - and in this way the White Romans gave Africa (and Africans) the name by which that continent and its people are known today.

GREECE OCCUPIED - 146 BC

The defeat of Carthage left the Romans free to assert their authority in the east. The Macedonians, who had helped Hannibal, were the first to be punished for this deed by the Romans.

The legions of Rome invaded Macedonia in 200 BC, defeating the Macedonian army in 197 BC. The Greek mainland then came under Roman protection, although many city states were allowed self rule.

However, continuous turmoil and infighting between many of these cities eventually compelled Rome to directly occupy the whole region, an operation which was completed by 146 BC (in that year Roman legions destroyed the Greek city of Corinth.)

For 60 years after 146 BC, Greece was almost completely administered by Rome, although some cities, such as Athens and Sparta, retained their free status.

In 88 BC, Mithridates, the king of Pontus, invaded Roman held territories from the east - many cities of Greece supported the Asian monarch with the belief that they would regain their independence.

A Roman army forced Mithridates out of Greece and crushed the rebellion, sacking Athens in 86 BC, and Thebes a year later. Roman punishment of all the rebellious cities was heavy, and the campaigns fought on Greek soil left central Greece in ruins. In 22 BC, the Greek city states were separated from Macedonia and the Romans made these city states into one province called Achaea.

During the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (117 - 138AD), many of Athens' famous buildings were restored out of the ruins. The continuing Roman restoration work was however interrupted by an invasion of Goths, who in 267 AD and 268 AD, overran Greece, captured Athens, and laid waste the cities of Argos, Corinth, and Sparta.

From the 6th to the 8th centuries, Slavonic tribes from the north migrated into the peninsula, occupying Illyria and Thrace.

After the Goths left, the Grecian peninsula, thoroughly ravaged by centuries of warfare and racial mixing, settled down to obscurity as a province under the Eastern Roman Empire of Byzantium.


EGYPT

Rome had by this time succeeded in establishing itself as the dominant new power in the Mediterranean, and in 168 BC, Egypt (then still under Macedonian Ptolemaic rule) formally allied itself to Rome. This meant that by 168 BC, most of the Mediterranean - from Spain right around the Mediterranean coast through Greece, parts of Turkey, Egypt and the north African coast up to Tunisia, was either under direct Roman rule or allied to Rome.


THE THIRD PUNIC WAR (146 BC)

The enmity between Carthage and Rome was so deep that it could not however be buried with a mere treaty, and in 146 BC, war between the two powers broke out once again. By this time, however, Roman power was vast - Carthage itself was besieged and destroyed.

Angered at being constantly threatened by the same enemy repeatedly, this time Rome wrote no treaty with Carthage. To ensure that the Carthaginians never threatened them again, the Romans killed or enslaved the population of Carthage, physically destroyed the city and ploughed over the ruins, putting salt into the earth so that nothing would grow there again.

At the end of the Third Punic War, the Romans physically occupied what is today known as Tunisia and refounded a new city of Carthage - a Roman one. They called it the province of "Africa" - a name which later was used to refer to the entire continent. In this same manner, Roman conquests in the east led to the creation of the Roman province of "Asia" - once again a Roman name became the name of an entire continent.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 12 : The Age of the Caesars - Pre-Christian Rome


Part Two: The Rise of the Emperors

As recounted in part 1 of this section, Rome had been founded on a racial amalgamation of Old Europeans and Latini Indo-Europeans. Out of this potent mix came the great Roman Republic, which, after defeating the Carthaginians, quickly became the dominant power in the Mediterranean.


THE LATE REPUBLIC (133 - 30 BC )

In 133 BC, the ruler of an independent state in central Asia Minor (Turkey), one Pergamum, died. When his will was read, he had left his country to Rome. This somewhat bizarre wish - which was duly carried out - served as a springboard for the later Roman occupation of the rest of Asia Minor and the Near East. The period from 133 BC to 30 BC is known as the late Republic, during which Rome itself was to experience civil strife not seen since the days of the Latini insurrection against the Etruscans. In addition to this, Rome also engaged in a number of foreign wars.


SLAVES - THE SEEDS OF ROME'S DECLINE

From the very earliest times the Romans had also been importing slaves into their homeland - a policy which was to grow into a major commercial activity in Rome itself - but also ultimately to lead to Rome being filled with all manner of people who bore no resemblance to the Romans themselves. Slaves from the Far East, Africa and the Semitic speaking world filled the slave houses of Rome in their hundreds of thousands.

Eventually such large numbers created the possibility of open rebellion, with the most famous being the slave rising led by Spartacus in 73 BC, which had to be suppressed by force of arms with a full Roman army.


CIVIL WAR - STRIFE BETWEEN PATRICIANS AND PLEBIANS

Internally, Rome had become increasingly divided between the patricians and the plebeians, especially with regard to land distribution. Some patricians realized the need for reform, the most famous being Tiberius Gracchus, who was elected to the post of tribune (a modern equivalent would be a prime minister) in 133 BC. The reforms Gracchus implemented earned him the hatred of the wealthy classes, and in 134 BC, he was assassinated.

Above: The Roman General
Pompey, suppressor of the
Spartacus slave uprising and
as famous as Julius Caesar -
he was to emerge as Caesar's
greatest rival for power.

His work was however taken up by his brother, Gaius Gracchus, who was elected tribune in 123 BC. Again initiating far reaching social reforms, Gaius succeeded only in establishing a form of social welfare system which did not work properly and virtually bankrupted the state, serving only to stir up the hatred of the upper classes in a manner not seen even against Tiberius Gracchus.

In 121 BC, after a particularly severe outbreak of civil violence in which several thousand of his supporters were killed, Gaius Gracchus committed suicide. The deaths of the Gracchus brothers was to herald all out civil war in Rome.

By the year 100 BC, a number of able Roman generals had risen to prominence, emerging from the virtually constant need to subdue and to hold on to the numerous Roman colonies scattered around the Mediterranean coast. Each of these generals was in command of their own army, and although they theoretically were supposed to serve the Roman state, in reality they operated as virtual private armies working in the interests of their generals.


SULLA - DE FACTO RULER OF ROME

After physically clashing with some of the other armies, General Cornelius Sulla emerged as the strongest leader and became the de facto ruler of Rome. Remarkably enough, after introducing a number of reforms (including extending the powers of the senate) Sulla resigned voluntarily from the affairs of state.

Julius Caesar, most
famous of Romans.

POMPEY AND CAESAR CLASH

By this time however, two other generals had also emerged, each with their own armies: Pompey and Julius Caesar.

Pompey had led Roman legions far and wide, in Italy, Africa, Spain, Asia Minor and even as far as the Euphrates River valley. He had also been instrumental in helping to suppress the famous slave uprising led by Spartacus in 73 BC.

Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul (France) and some of the Germanic tribes (descendants of the original Celts and far off cousins of the original Latini) as far as the Rhine River. He had even landed an invasion force in Britain between the years 58 - 51 BC.

As Caesar's name, fame and influence spread, Pompey and others in Rome realized the threat and ordered him to disband his powerful army and return to Rome. Caesar refused to do so, and instead marched on Rome itself from his base in France.

Caesar crossed the Rubicon river in 49 BC, irrevocably committing himself to war with Pompey (the Rubicon marked the official boundary of Rome, and hence once crossed, the declaration of war was taken for granted). Within a short while, Caesar crushed all opposition and formally established himself as ruler.


CAESAR'S EXPLOITS

Although the most famous of the Romans, Caesar in fact only ruled for five years, from 49 BC to 44 BC. He was an outstanding writer and orator, and instituted far reaching reforms, from altering the make-up of the senate to the institution of a public works program. He also introduced the solar calendar (based on Egyptian knowledge - which in Rome became known as the Julian calendar) which, with minor alterations, is the same one the Western world uses to this day.

Caesar took as his mistress the Macedonian Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in what was most likely a strategic alliance on both their parts.

In 44 BC, Caesar was however assassinated on the steps of the senate in Rome by a group opposed to his almost royal control of the affairs of state. Caesar did indeed consider his powers to be hereditary, and left a will in which he named his 18 year old nephew, Octavian, as his heir.

Octavian Augustus -
Caesar's heir and first
true emperor of the
Roman Empire

OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS - CAESAR'S HEIR

After suppressing and exterminating much of the opposition (including the renowned orator and senator, Cicero) Octavian and one of Caesar's colleagues, Mark Anthony, ruled with complete autocratic powers for a decade.

Mark Anthony however married Cleopatra, Caesar's former mistress, giving her Roman territories as wedding gifts. Octavian took this act as an opportunity to incite Rome against Mark Anthony and the long standing partnership between Mark Anthony and Octavian degenerated into civil war.

Both Octavian and Mark Anthony had large fleets at their disposal, and they finally met in battle in 31 BC, at Actium in Greece. Mark Anthony was defeated and committed suicide, as did his wife the following year when the city of Alexandria was captured by Roman forces.


PAX ROMANA 30 BC - 235 AD

At the end of a century of civil strife (133 BC - 30 BC), Rome was finally united under one ruler. Thereafter ensued what became known as the Pax Romana, the Peace of Rome, which lasted for well on 200 years, from 30 BC to 235 AD.

This time was also to mark the racial undoing of the Empire, caused by the long term effects of the inclusion of foreign lands and peoples under the aegis of the Roman Empire, and significantly by the bypassing of a law set down by the first Romans prohibiting mixed marriages outside of the Roman circle of citizenship.

Mark Anthony -
Vanquished by Octavian
in the power struggle
after Caesar's
assassination.

Upon Octavian's victorious return to Rome in 29 BC, the senate conferred upon him the title of honorable or August (Augustus), a name by which he became known thereafter. Octavian Augustus held no official government position in Rome after 23 BC, but still was almost absolute ruler of Rome until his death in 14 AD, through the Roman army, of which he remained supreme leader, or imperator (from which the word emperor came).

The Pax Romana is also known as the Principate - as political power was divided between the senate and the "principes", the leading person of society (the "first amongst equals", as Octavian described his own position.)

During his long reign (44 years in all), Octavian Augustus established a stable and efficient public service, an equitable taxation policy and consolidated the Roman Empire's borders.

Under his command the borders of the Empire moved up the Danube River and into Germania as far as the Rhine - but he suffered a dramatic reverse when the Germans inflicted a massive defeat upon the Roman armies in 9 AD at the Battle of Detmold.

In the Near East, Sulla's army had campaigned against the (by now racially mixed) Parthian empire as early as 92 BC, but it was only the Emperor Trajan who managed to finally subdue the Parthians - although he quickly handed their lands back to them in what was claimed to be an act of conciliation.


THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY

Above: The Pax Romana -
the extent of the Roman
Empire at the time of
Octavian Augustus, 14 AD.

Upon Octavian Augustus' death, he was followed by four descendants of his family, called the Julio-Claudian family. The first two, Tiberius and Claudius, were just and efficient, and it was during Claudius' reign that the occupation of Britain, began by Julius Caesar some 100 years earlier, was completed (in 43 AD).

The third Julio-Claudian emperor was the famous Caligula, who is reputed to have gone insane, once allegedly making a favorite horse into an ambassador.

The fourth Julio-Claudian emperor was the equally famous Nero, best known for his persecution of the Christians by throwing them to the lions. The Christians were at that stage still a tiny cult, one amongst many flourishing under the Pax Romana. The Julio-Claudian line came to an end in 68 AD with Nero's suicide, with Rome itself suffering severe damage in a big fire in 64 AD.


THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY

A brief power struggle erupted on Nero's death, and Flavius Vespasianus (also known as Vespian) assumed power in 69 AD. He restarted orderly government and founded the Flavian dynasty, which lasted until 96 AD. The still standing Coliseum in Rome was built by the order of Vespian.

Titus was Vespian's son, who ruled from 79 AD to 81 AD. Titus is best remembered for his military exploit of capturing Jerusalem in AD 70, nine years before he became emperor. By the time of the last Flavian emperor, most Romans had accepted that the Imperator, or Emperor, was the real ruler of Rome.


NERVA AND NON-WHITES IN THE SENATE

Above: Emperor Nerva
(ruled 96-98AD) first
allowed senators to be
chosen from all over the
empire, opening the way
for non-Romans to sit in
the Empire's highest
body.

Following the Flavian line came the Antonines - or the "five good emperors", who ruled from 96 AD to 180 AD. The first of these was the Emperor Nerva, who ruled from 96 AD to 98 AD. Nerva is of importance because he established the rules of secession - before he died he adopted a promising individual (who would thereafter be called a Caesar). This individual was trained to take over the position of Emperor when the time came. This system set the standard for many years to come.

Nerva was also the first emperor to allow members of the Roman senate to be chosen from all over the Empire - which at that stage was still vast, extending into territories which many centuries earlier had last seen a White majority population.

Nerva's rule marks the first appearance of non-Romans - non-Whites - in the senate, and hence the government, of Imperial Rome.

From then on increasing numbers of non-Romans began to feature in the senate, until by the end of the Second Century AD, senators of pure Roman descent were in the minority in the senate.


DISSOLUTION OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE

The next emperor was Trajan, who ruled from 98 AD to 117 AD. Under Trajan, the empire reached its peak in terms of territorial expansion, but by this time huge numbers of racially foreign peoples had begun to fill not only virtually all of the non continental European Roman colonies, but had started to appear in significant numbers in Rome itself.

The next emperor, Hadrian (117 - 138 AD), built the famous Hadrian's wall of stone across the north of England to keep the remnants of the Scottish Celts out of Roman England.

This was part of an attempt by Hadrian to reduce the size of the empire - possibly he saw the process of disintegration at work, and he ordered many territories in the eastern parts of the empire to be given up. Under his rule, large slices of the eastern territories, except for Dracia (modern Rumania) were effectively abandoned by the Roman Empire. If this was an attempt to stem the flood of foreigners pouring into the southern parts of the empire, it was a futile one.


ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE THE WHITE ROMAN POPULATION FAILED

Blond Romans in southern
Italy: 'Primavera', wall
painting from Stabiae,
1st Century AD, National
Museum, Naples.

An overt attempt to preserve the Roman bloodline had in fact been made by Octavian Augustus. He issued several decrees prescribing heavy penalties for celibacy or for marriage with slaves or the descendants of slaves. Another Octavian law was that all Romans between the ages of 25 and 60 must be married - and hopefully produce children.

Finally in the year 9 AD, Octavian announced tax concessions for Roman families with three or more children. Unmarried persons were barred from public games and could not receive inheritances, while childless married people could only receive half of any inheritance due to them. All these measures failed during Octavian's own lifetime.

As early as 131 BC, the Roman censor, Melletus, had called for a law compelling Roman citizens to marry - Caesar, Augustus, Nero and Trajan all offered prizes for Roman citizens having more than four children.


ROMAN IMPERIAL POLICY ENCOURAGED THE GROWTH OF NON-ROMAN PEOPLES

In continental Europe, the Pax Romana saw the benefits of Roman society bear fruit. The population increased and the Roman penchant for organization was swiftly taken up by the European peasantry in their regions. This process was enhanced by the Roman system of government, which relied on a few Roman administrators arriving in a region, and then getting locals to help with the administration and running of the territory, in return for offices of state.

In this way the Romans "Romanized" many of the subject territories: while this did not affect the racial balance in Gaul and other parts of western and eastern Europe (central Europe or Germania remained forever out of Rome's reach), it had dramatic effects in the regions to the east and south which were majority occupied by non-White peoples. This policy was also applied in the other reaches of the Roman Empire - with disastrous consequences for Rome in the Mediterranean territories of North Africa, Egypt and the Near and Middle East.

In these latter territories huge numbers of the by then racially mixed populations (consisting of White, Semitic, Arabic and Mongol mixtures) drew the benefits of Roman civilization for as long as the Romans themselves existed. This meant a dramatic increase in the population due to increased living standards, and so the Romans helped to engineer the non-White racial flood that would eventually overwhelm them from the south.

It is interesting to note that the original Indo-European descended Romans viewed anyone who was dark with suspicion. The Roman proverb "hic niger es, hunc tu, Romane, caveato" (He is black, beware of him, Roman) is recorded by Horace as being a common saying amongst Romans of the time. (Sat., i. 4, 85).

This is not to say that the Romans of the Late Republic or of the Pax Romana resisted the physical integration process. On the contrary, they seemed to have welcomed it as an essential part of Empire building and as a means to keep subdued populations under control.

It is unlikely though that they could have foreseen the long term consequences it would create - when the last of the true Romans were bred out in the vast reaches of the Empire, so did the original spark which had created the Empire in the first place.

Hence there are today only Roman ruins in Africa, the Near and Middle East, and indeed even in Rome today - silent monuments to a people long gone.


GERMAN RESISTANCE

That the Romans never managed to penetrate into central Europe past the Rhine river (they were halted by Germanic tribes by the year 9 AD) created a physical division in the White peoples of north western Europe. At the time, one section (Gaul and Britain) fell completely under the sway of Rome - and the other (the German tribes) remained Rome's implacable enemies, fighting the Empire off at every opportunity which arose.

Ironically, these Germanic tribes (or barbarians as the Romans liked to call them) were originally far off Celtic cousins of the Latini - and it was these barbarians who were to finally overrun Rome itself when that city had managed to breed its true Romans down to an insignificant minority, causing the great Imperial flame to flicker and die at last.

Above: An exquisitely executed
relief on the Antonie Column in Rome,
of legionnaires on the march. The
Romans were able to overwhelm most
of the known world through their
staggering organizational abilities.

EXTENT OF EMPIRE PROVES ITS UNDOING

At its height the Roman Empire stretched from England to the Rhine, from Spain to Asia Minor, and from North Africa to the Tigris/Euphrates rivers. The vast numbers of peoples and races drawn into the Empire's influence does not need to be exaggerated. Roman coins found in India and Scandinavia indicate the extent to which Romans traveled, as traders or soldiers.

The Romans may have believed that the integration of foreigners into the Roman system of government and into Rome itself was the way to create an empire. The reality is however that non-homogeneous societies are the least cohesive, while homogeneous societies are the most cohesive.

So it was that the ever increasing number of foreigners within the empire made it all the more difficult to hold together. Internal dissension, political problems and social ills were often compounded by brutal or incompetent emperors.

Finally, by 192 AD, the throne was actually auctioned by the Emperor's own private guard (the Praetorian Guard, founded by Octavian Augustus) after a particularly ineffectual emperor had been murdered after just three months in the office.

The lucky winner of the auction did not last very long himself - he was in turn deposed by an emperor effectively chosen by the largest part of the army: one Septimus Servus.


ROME'S FATE SEALED - CARACALLA AND THE EDICT OF 212 AD

Servus himself was unremarkable, but his son, Caracalla, who ruled from 211 AD to 217 AD, was the Roman emperor who finally opened the racial floodgates on the Roman Empire and sealed its fate.

In 212 AD, in an apparent attempt to broaden the Roman tax base, Caracalla passed an edict giving all free males within the Empire citizenship of Rome.

This proclamation, which effectively turned centuries of Roman law on its head (previously Roman law had always sought to prevent Roman citizenship passing to those outside of Rome), had effects far greater than just broadening the tax base.

Early Roman law had made provisions for the maintenance of racial homogeneity amongst its citizens, by stipulating that persons could only be citizens of Rome if both their parents were Roman citizens themselves.

Roman citizens who married non-Roman citizens could not claim Roman citizenship for their children. This was a direct way of biologically excluding all foreign nationals from Roman citizenship.

As the Roman Empire expanded, so the definition of citizenship became broader and broader, till finally with Caracalla's edict, all free men, no matter what their racial or national origin, qualified for Roman citizenship. The last hold preventing the dilution of Roman blood had been abandoned.

Above left: The Emperor Caracalla (ruled 211 - 217 AD) who extended Roman citizenship to all free peoples within the boundaries of the Roman Empire, and thereby gave legal sanction to the final dissolution of the Roman people. Born in Gaul of a Roman father and a Syrian mother, his own potentially dubious ancestry, must have played a role in his decision to extend Roman citizenship. His features contrast, for example, with those of M Vipsanius Agrippa, a Roman general under Augustus (right), who lived some 200 years prior to Caracalla.

UNIVERSALITY LINKED TO THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

While the early Romans placed great emphasis on maintaining their racial homogeneity, by the first century AD, the idea of universality had become an undercurrent: it was to become the main train of thought by the second century AD, and is directly linked to the rise of Christianity, which has the world-view of the universality of man as its underlying creed.

The infiltration of Roman society by individuals born in all corners of the world was exemplified by the emperor Philip (244 - 249 AD). Born in the Roman province of Arabia, in what today is the village of Shahba, roughly 55 miles south-southeast of Damascus, Philip's father was a prominent local man, Julius Marinus, who had been awarded Roman citizenship and was thus not a native born Roman. Nothing is known of Philip's mother. Known as 'Philip the Arabian', Philip was an emperor who was clearly not of pure European descent: this bust accurately captures his short 'peppercorn' hair, an obvious sign of non-White ancestry. Vatican Museum, Rome.

By the time of Caracalla's edict, the sheer size of the empire and the fact that it had already included so many racially alien elements within its borders, had made a large amount of racial mixing inevitable - Caracalla's edict gave legal support to this process. Interracial marriages and mixed race children became more and more common after this, and slowly but surely, Rome and the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean lost its majority White leadership core.

Thus the fate which had befallen all the other great civilizations, namely the disappearance of the people who created those civilizations through physical integration, crept up on Rome itself.

Although this change in racial demographics was not as marked in Rome itself as in the easternmost outreaches of the Empire, it was however dramatic enough to change the very nature of the civilization.

Foreigners from all over the already mixed race Middle East poured into Rome, attracted by its wealth and status. Being granted citizenship, these foreigners were steadily absorbed into the Roman population, to the point where today only a very few Italians can still today claim pure Roman descent.

Huge swathes of the southern part of Italy and Sicily are today clearly non-White, being mainly a mixture of Arabic and White, while in scattered places there are flashes of the original population, light skins, light eyes or light hair - as there are right across the Mediterranean and as far afield as Iran or India.


ROMAN FALL MIRRORS THAT OF SUMERIA, EGYPT

The path followed by Rome mirrored that followed by Sumeria, the Near East, Egypt and Greece. All these civilizations remained intact as long as the society which created them remained homogeneous.

As soon as these societies lost their homogeneity and became multiracial, the very nature of the societies changed and the original civilizations disappeared. Rome would prove to be no exception to this rule.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 13 : Power and Purpose - The Glory of Rome

The fact that the Roman Empire dissolved into a multi-racial polyglot does not distract from the very many fine cultural and engineering achievements of the original Romans. It is however very noticeable that the greatest Roman achievements date from before the time of the racial dissolution of the empire - once again mirroring earlier civilizations.


ROMAN SOCIAL LIFE

Roman social life concentrated on great athletic and sporting events. The tradition of blood sports - of gladiators killing each other for the amusement of spectators, was not a sport associated with the original Romans.

It only became common once Rome had started to fill up with foreigners, although there was certainly no active resistance amongst the original Romans to the rise of the bloody spectacles. Indeed, the attraction to blood sports was also used as a political tool - very often prisoners who had been guilty of some particularly heinous crime would be fed to the lions, as often happened with the early Christians under the Emperor Nero.

Wrestling and chariot racing were all major amusements. The largest sports stadium in Rome was the Circus Maximus, which could seat approximately 300,000 people and could be filled with water to re-enact sea battles between regular sized ships. The Circus Maximus stood for centuries, but its stone was eventually broken up for use in Christian buildings in the Middle Ages. Virtually every major Roman town, from North Africa right through to the Near East, boasted a theater or amphitheater - some in use to this day.

Above: A reconstruction of the huge Circus Maximus in Rome. This was the greatest Roman entertainment complex of all time, being able to seat 300,000 spectators. The first parts of the Circus Maximus were built around 600 BC, being substantially enlarged by Julius Caesar, who also added canals which could flood the theater floor upon which ships could be sailed to re- enact sea battles. The Roman general Pompey the Great is said on one occasion (55 BC) to have sponsored five days of circus games during which 500 lions and 20 elephants were killed. The Circus Maximus, which was far larger than the famous Coliseum, did not survive. It was broken up and its stone was used to build Christian churches after that religion came to dominate Europe.

ROMAN RELIGION

The one outstanding feature of Roman religion before the advent of Christianity was that there was no single faith or belief. The religious world of Rome reflected in many ways the actual empire itself: a mix of different cults and beliefs, with influences from Greece, Egypt and the Middle East, all thrown in for good measure.

Many of the oldest Roman gods reflected also the nature of the first Romans - these gods represented the practical needs of daily life and military prowess. Janus and Vesta guarded the door and hearth; Lares protected the field and house; Pales the pasture; Saturn the sowing; Ceres the growth of the grain; Pomona the fruit; and Consus and Ops the harvest.

Many of these gods' names are remembered in modern day names for certain types of fruit and cultivated crops.

Left: A Roman statue of Pomona, the goddess of fruit and autumn. The goddess of the orchards, she was typically depicted with plentiful fruit. Her name is typical for early Roman religion: an extraction from the Latin word for apple, pomum.

Jupiter, the ruler of the gods, was not only credited with bringing rain, but was also known for his weapon, lightning (as was the Greek chief God, Zeus) and was the protector of the Romans in their military activities beyond the borders of their own community.

Mars was a god of young men and war and along with Jupiter, Quirinus, Janus and Vesta, formed the first Roman pantheon of gods.

As part of their policy of absorption, native gods from conquered surrounding lands were usually granted the same honor with which the Roman gods were held. In many cases formal invitations were made to the religions' leaders and their precious objects to take up residence in Rome. This growth in the number of foreign religions had another serious consequence - foreigners were attracted to the city in ever increasing numbers. Gods from neighboring tribes in Italy which became Roman gods included famous non-Roman deities such as Diana, Minerva, Hercules and Venus. The Roman religious calendar also reflected Rome's willingness to absorb foreign cults.

The oldest Roman festivals lasted till the very end of the pagan Roman era, and marked the original Indo-European festivals of Spring and Winter.

One of the most important festivals was the Saturnalia which was celebrated for seven days, from December 17 to 23, during the original winter solstice time. All business was suspended, slaves were given temporary freedom and gifts were exchanged.

Another important festival was the Lupercalia, which celebrated Lupercus, a pastoral god. The festival was celebrated on February 15 at the cave of the Lupercal on the Palatine Hill, where the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, were supposed to have been nursed by a she-wolf.

The Equiria, a festival in honor of Mars, was celebrated on February 27 and March 14, traditionally the time of year when new military campaigns were prepared.

The growth in the number of temples in Rome also indicated how willing the Romans were to allow all manner of cults to flourish under their rule. Roman society adopted the fairly liberal approach that each person could conduct their own particular religion as they wished as long as it did not disturb the public order.

This, combined with the huge areas which fell under Roman domination, saw any number of cults and beliefs stream into Rome from all parts of the known world: Mithraism from Iran, Judaism from Palestine, and even the worship of the Isis cult from Egypt proved to be popular after Cleopatra VII visited Rome for a year as the guest of Caesar. Influences from far and wide all competed for converts in Rome.

Octavian Augustus, early 1st Century AD, marble. Vatican Museum, Rome.

Eventually the Romans started to deify their own great leaders after their deaths: in this way a cult around Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus quickly grew, and temples for these groups were also built. (This is where the Catholic Church inherited the habit of deifying their most famous members, calling them saints).

All the non-Christian religions were prohibited in AD 392 by an edict of Emperor Theodosius after Christianity had become dominant.


ROMAN LITERATURE - MASSIVE HERITAGE

Culturally, the early Romans left a massive heritage, contributing to Western Civilization some of the most famous writers and thinkers outside of Classical Greece.

• Marcus Tullus Cicero (106 BC - 43 BC) was one of the most famous Latin writers, producing texts on a wide number of topics, including analyses and discussions of Greek thought, especially that of Plato and the Stoics.
• Virgil (70 BC - 19 BC) is known as the greatest of all Roman poets, mainly because of his epic poem the Aeneid, which told the story of Aenus, who moved from Troy to Italy and helped establish the Latini people.
• Ovid (43 BC - 17 AD) is most famous for his poem Metamorphoses, which contains stories from classical mythology. He also won renown as a poet of pleasure and love, and after one particularly bad sexual scandal involving a member of an imperial family, he was exiled to an outpost on the Black Sea.
• Livy (59 BC - 17 BC) wrote an immense history of Rome, the first comprehensive history of that type undertaken.
• Tacitus (55 AD - 117 AD) wrote several pieces including Germania and the Annals, which were critical of Roman society and the Emperor system of rule.
• Plutarch (46 AD - 120 AD) is most famous for his biographical work of 46 famous Romans and Greeks, called the Parallel Lives. This work was used some 1,600 years later by the English playwright William Shakespeare to obtain details for two of his tragic dramas, Anthony and Cleopatra, and Julius Caesar.
• The historian Pliny the Elder (23 AD - 79 AD) assembled what can be called the first Encyclopedia, the "Natural History."

Above right: Virgil (70 BC - 19 BC) is known as the greatest of all Roman poets, mainly because of his epic poem the Aeneid, which told the story of Aenus, who moved from Troy to Italy and helped establish the Latini people. Alongside: The great Roman historian Tacitus (55 - 117AD), who, along with Pliny, was one of Rome's greatest historians and social commentators.

Under Roman rule, the remnant Macedonians in Egypt kept up their scientific research work started under the Ptolomies. Under the Romans, Alexandria was once again built up into a huge city, spawning the famous geographer Ptolemy (circa 200 AD) who was the first to draw a map of the world onto a curved surface, working off plans drawn up by the original White Greek Macedonian, Erastosthenes.

Galen (139 AD -200 AD) was another Romanized Greek, who established the principles of medicine used in Europe until the early Renaissance period.

Above: The first map to represent the earth on a curved surface (and hence part of a globe) - devised by the Roman-Greek scientist Ptolemy, working in Roman Egypt during the 2nd Century AD.

ART - SET WORLD STANDARDS

As with many things architectural, early Roman art copied Grecian forms. This was readily apparent in the sculpture style, and indeed many statues of Greeks which have survived to the present day are Roman copies of Greek originals.

Roman art has unquestionably set the standard against which all other art is measured - even to the point where an object or style is known as "classical" or not - an indication that even 2,000 years later, no-one has been able to improve upon the design of the Romans.


ARCHITECTURE

The Romans unashamedly took many building designs from the Greeks (the various column types and the now famous Greco-Roman building style of a triangular roof set atop rows of columns) and perfected and added to them, creating structures which to this very day are awe inspiring and unequaled in sheer aesthetics. The Greek influence went beyond architecture. All educated Romans were bilingual, speaking Latin and Greek.

Many of the buildings in Rome itself date from the height of the Empire, and while most have been abandoned, some Roman structures, such as the famous water aqueduct in Segovia, Spain, are still working today, nineteen centuries after they were built. Roman roads were the autobahns of their day, and the road system set up by the Romans was not equaled until the 20th Century.

Above: The Coliseum, Rome. Completed in 81 AD, it is called the Coliseum after a colossal statue of Nero that once stood nearby - its real name is the Flavian Amphitheater. It was used for staged battles, sometimes between lions and Christians and other heretics, among other spectacles, and is one of the most famous pieces of architecture in the world. Above: The Roman built aqueduct at Segovia in Spain, still supplies that town's water, nearly 1,800 years after it was built. Above: A Roman castle on the Rhine River near Cologne. Castles such as this dotted the frontiers of the Empire. Above: A Model of the city of Rome, showing the Circus Maximus and the Coliseum. In this city with running water, citizens lacked for nothing and the infrastructure equalled any modern city.

The workmanship which went into many of the constructions of the time would be hard to match even in the modern era - and this in spite of the advantage of modern tools. The Romans certainly started town planning as a skill: laying out new cities on a gird pattern for ease of commuting, and their inventions of concrete and the vaulted dome made possible the huge buildings later to become known as cathedrals.

However, this frenzied building activity, like its Egyptian predecessor, had its price. Masses of slaves provided the cheap labor to build these edifices, and the influx of slaves combined with natural immigration to the Roman center was ultimately to provide the demographic shift which brought about the Empire's downfall.


SLAVES

Slavery was an institutionalized part of Roman society. The sheer size of the Empire meant however that many slaves were foreign - Greek slaves were held to be the best type of slave to have (they were of course the Whitest slave, after Gauls or Germans, who were less common as slaves). Arabs, Blacks and others of mixed race from the Middle and Near East also made up a huge number of the slave population.

The importation of these racially alien slaves impacted upon the demographics of Rome over a period of time. The numbers of slaves must have been tremendous: there were enough of them to form their own 70,000 strong army, as happened in 73 BC, when the slave leader Spartacus led the famous slave uprising. It took an entire Roman army to suppress that uprising - but still the practice of slavery continued, and was to ultimately cost the Romans their very existence itself.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 14: Opponents and Allies - Rome and the Celts

- others significant enough to have created regions or states later to be named after them: these included the Britanni, Slavs, Balts, Germans and others.[/SI

Despite their differing tribal names, they all shared a common Nordic sub-racial root. Depending on the nature of the original European populations they encountered in the various parts of Europe, they either retained their Nordic characteristics or they were diluted amongst the Alpine or Mediterranean populations.

In this way the population of northern and large parts of Western Europe became more Nordic, while parts of France, Spain, Italy and central Europe became less so.


THE BALTS - RETAINED TRADITIONS LONGEST

The Balts were the northernmost wave of the Indo-European tribes, settling in north eastern Europe around the Baltic sea, to which they gave their name. The Balts were unique in the sense that they were the only original Indo-European tribe not to have had direct military contact with the Romans.

This was due to the fact that once settled in the north eastern reaches of Europe, the Balts never tried to expand further: the only Indo-European peoples not to engage in any further land grabbing exercises.

Probably because of this isolationist policy, they kept to the ancient Indo-European traditions the longest, with even their languages to this day retaining similarities with the Indo-European mother tongue.

Above: Dying Gaul, Roman sculpture, circa 230 BC.
An excellent portrayal of the racial characteristics
of the Gauls with whom Rome was to do battle.

The Balts also kept closely to their old Indo-European religions, with worship of the old deities still being carried out as late as 1900 AD.


THE CELTS IN FRANCE AND THE ROMANS

By 600 BC, the Celts had firmly established themselves in France, although those in the southern parts of France were darker (because of the greater Mediterranean population originally living there) than those in the northern parts.

These Celtic tribes lived in relative stability in small villages and towns, with a strongly developed sense of social status - the aristocracy were almost always warriors, while the middle and lower classes were the tradesmen and laborers.

As the Celts were not literate, virtually all the descriptions of their lifestyles come from Roman writers, including that of Julius Caesar himself, who was head of the Roman army that occupied Gaul in 54 BC. Caesar wrote an account of his campaign in Gaul, and noted the differences between the Gauls in the north and the south.


GAULS FOUND MILAN AND ATTACK ROMANS

The enmity between Rome and the Celts (or Gauls, to give them the name that they had by the time of the Roman occupation of France) went back to 400 BC, when Celtic armies invaded northern Italy and founded the city of Milan.

In 387 BC, they even occupied the city of Rome, leaving only after the Romans paid them a ransom of gold.

Other Celtic tribes struck further south, with one group, the Galatae, reaching Turkey, becoming the Galatians mentioned in the Christian Bible. Yet another group settled in what became Yugoslavia, founding the city of Belgrade.

Above: A Roman sculpture of a
(French) Gaul chieftain. An
excellent depiction of a Gaulish
nobleman from the time of the
Roman invasion of modern day
France.

ROMAN REVENGE

The Romans bided their time and built up their strength. After a series of minor clashes, Roman armies under general Caesar rolled into Gaul in 54 BC and smashed the Celts, enslaving virtually the entire population, over three million by Roman counts.

The cruelty with which the Romans suppressed the Gauls was to trigger one last great uprising. Began by a tribe in central France, the rebellion spread out and carried on for two years, eventually being led by the king of the Arverni tribe, one Vercingetorix.

Spurred on by fresh Roman outrages - when Caesar occupied the Gaulish town of Avaricum, for example, he ordered all 40,000 inhabitants put to death - Vercingetorix and his Gaulish allies very nearly defeated the Roman armies.

For a while the Roman expedition nearly foundered, but eventually superior Roman organization won the day. Vercingetorix and 80,000 of his men were finally cornered in the fortified town of Alesia on the Seine river. Caesar's army settled down to a siege, preparing their defenses well enough to ward off attacks by Vercingetorix's allies outside.

Finally, in an attempt to save his people from extermination, Vercingetorix personally surrendered to Caesar in 52 BC.

Caesar had the Celtic King sent to Rome in chains, where he was kept prisoner for six years, before being publicly strangled and beheaded.

The Gaulish rebellion at an end: Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar. After conquering modern day France and moving on to Britain, Caesar had to rush back to Gaul to face a full scale rebellion led by the great chief Vercingetorix in 52 BC. After cornering and besieging the Gauls at Alesia on the Seine River, the Gaulish chief personally surrendered to Caesar in an attempt to save his own people. Caesar had the Gaul sent to Rome in chains where he was kept prisoner for six years before being executed.

THE CELTS IN BRITAIN AND THE ROMANS

The island of Britain had in the interim also been settled by waves of Celts, producing the same sub-grouping mix as had happened elsewhere in Europe. Generally though, the Celtic Britons were not as Nordic as their Celtic cousins across the channel in France, this being due to the fewer number of Nordic Celts actually crossing the channel to mix with the Alpine/Mediterranean Neolithic population in Britain.

The Celtic Britons further built up and advanced on many Neolithic structures already existing in Britain.

Many of the ancient hill forts in southern and western England were for example rebuilt and further strengthened, for, like Celts everywhere, they were just as apt to fight with each other as with anyone else.

Yet more Celts moved across to Ireland, taking the ancient Indo-European language with them: the very name Eire is, like Iran and Iraq, derived from the word Aryan. Eire was never settled by the Romans (although they did have one fort outside Dublin, but this appears to have been an emissary party only) and thus remained known as Celtic strongholds.

Pre-Roman Celtic Britain is best described as iron age, although the country was essentially Neolithic with agriculture as its main activity. Contact with the outside more developed world existed, with evidence of trade even with Rome, being fairly abundant.

Above: Reconstruction of the head of Lindow man, the Iron Age body found in a Cheshire, England, peat bog in 1984. Dating from around 100 AD, this would have been the typical type of Celt that the Romans would have encountered, fought against, and finally mixed with, in Britain. On display in the British Museum, London.

FIRST ROMAN INVASION - 55 BC

In 55 BC, Caesar, fresh from subduing the Gauls in France, undertook the first Roman crossing of the channel to Britain. He managed to land a sizable army, but his emissary to the Celtic tribes of south eastern Britain, a Romanized Gaul named Commius, was captured by one of the Celtic tribes.

The Romans were also surprised to find that the Britons had war chariots - another skill imported from their Indo-European homeland - and the Roman cavalry, which was the only weapon which Caesar might have been able to deploy against the chariots, had not managed to cross the channel due to bad weather.

For a while it seemed as if Caesar's two legions would be driven out of Britain - but his Gallic emissary (who had been released as part of a diplomatic cat and mouse game) managed to gather together some local horses to whittle down the advantage of the British chariots.

A stalemate was achieved after a particularly inconclusive battle - but it was the respite that Caesar needed, and shortly thereafter the bulk of the Roman legions withdrew to Gaul, with Caesar himself being feted in Rome for the expedition, although it was minor in comparison to the far more significant conquest of Gaul.


SECOND ROMAN INVASION - 54 BC

The following year, 54 BC, Caesar however launched yet another invasion of Britain. This time he landed a force several times larger than his first expedition, including some 2,000 cavalry. He hoped to land his forces and march quickly into the heart of the Celtic territory and inflict a defeat upon the scattered tribes before they could unite into one army.

However, he chose his landing beaches poorly. To compound his problems, a storm forced him to spend ten days dragging all his ships onto the dry land to prevent them from being sunk, giving the Britons enough time to sound the alarm and to draw up their army under a leading tribal chief named Cassivellaunus.

Nonetheless, the overwhelming force which Caesar had drawn into Britain, defeated even the united Celts. The defeat caused the Celtic alliance to wither, and some significant tribes even went over to the Roman side, the most important being the Trinovantes of Essex, who had reason to disapprove of Cassivellaunus because he had, in an earlier skirmish, slain their chief.

Cassivellaunus went on the offensive, attacking a major Roman camp in Kent, but was defeated. Caesar's victories were not however complete. The early loss of time meant that winter was now approaching and he had still not achieved his outright conquest. Even worse, rebellion was brewing in Gaul across the Channel. He and Cassivellaunus then agreed to a peace whereby the Celts would pay an annual tribute to Rome and would safeguard Roman interests in Britain. Thus concluded, Caesar hurriedly left Britain to return to Rome and then back to Gaul, where he had to face Vercingetorix's uprising.

Above: Romans landing on the British shore. In 55 BC, Julius Caesar and a Roman army landed in Britain, and was surprised to find stiff resistance from the Celts resident on that island. Great was his surprise when he also found that the Celts had chariots, and it was only after an inconclusive battle that a stalemate was reached which allowed Caesar to leave without conceding defeat. Caesar launched another invasion of Britain in the following year, and this time managed to subdue a larger number of Celts. Most of the country remained independent however for nearly another 90 years until 43AD when a renewed Roman offensive subdued virtually all of present day England.

Any thoughts Caesar may have had of a third invasion of Britain were shelved by the subsequent events which occupied his life - the suppression of the Gallic rebellion - the march on Rome in 50 BC - his assumption of power and his assassination a few short years later.


CAESAR'S CONQUEST OF SPAIN

Caesar did however manage to conquer Spain in a short six week campaign in 49 BC - bringing virtually all the Celts in that country under Roman rule (previously only a southern part of Spain had been in Roman hands, seized from the Carthaginians during the Punic Wars). The process of Romanization of Spain also began in earnest after this date.


THIRD ROMAN INVASION OF BRITAIN - 43 AD

Caesar's successor, Octavian Augustus, planned a number of invasions of Britain, but all were postponed due to pressures elsewhere in the Empire requiring more immediate action. Thus Britain lived for another 100 years in a state between full Roman occupation and full independence.

It was only in 43 AD, that the Emperor Claudius, finally ordered a full conquest of Britain. Claudius assembled an army of 40,000 men under the command of Aulus Plautius and invaded the island in that year. The overwhelmingly powerful Roman armies quickly swept inland, defeating determined Celtic resistance around present day London. Claudius himself decided to be present at the final victory, and landed in Britain with additional forces and elephants - which must have seemed like dragons to the British Celts - and occupied the main Celtic city of Colchester.

There the Celtic tribes formally surrendered, and Claudius was able to leave after a stay of only 16 days, finally having added the province of Britain to the empire.

The Roman forces spread out from Colchester, employing powerful weapons such as bolt catapults against tribesmen armed with only bows, arrow and slings. Nonetheless, the Celts defended to the death places such as the ancient hill fort of Maiden Castle in Dorset.


CELTIC REBELLION UNDER BOADICEA

In 47 AD, there was an increase in Celtic resistance which simmered on until 61 AD, when it finally erupted into open revolt under queen Boadicea of the Iceni tribe in Norfolk. The death of the Iceni king brought a Roman unit into their territory, which, after engaging in a bout of looting, then publicly whipped the king's widow, Boadicea, and raped her daughters.

This public shaming proved too much. The Iceni and many other Celtic tribes broke out into open revolt, and took several Roman strongholds, including Colchester and London, both of which were sacked and burnt down with 70,000 Roman and Romanized Celtic fatalities. Shaken, the Romans drew together their forces and met Boadicea's army in the middle of Britain, where, through superior organizational ability and better training, the Romans were able to inflict a massive defeat upon their numerically superior enemy, slaughtering, the Roman version says, some 80,000 Britons on the field for the loss of only 400 Roman soldiers.

The Boadicean revolt was the last major native rebellion the Romans experienced in Britain for the next two hundred years.

Above: Queen Boadicea of the Iceni in her chariot leading the Celtic rebellion against Roman rule in 61 AD. At first she won some great victories, overrunning the Roman towns of Colchester and London. Noted as having long blond hair by the Romans, the Celtic queen was finally defeated by superior Roman organization at the battle of Loughton. Retreating to the great forest today known as Epping to the north east of London, she took poison in order to avoid capture.

From then on the military conquests of other parts of the island, reaching north into lower Scotland continued without major interruption until by 80 AD they had pushed the most rebellious Celts up into the Scottish Highlands. (The Scots themselves were originally an Irish Celtic tribe who crossed the Irish sea at a later date).

One of these rebellious tribes, the Caledonians, nearly defeated the Roman legions pushing north at the battle of Mons Grapius in 83 AD, but once again the Romans prevailed, and the Caledonians vanished into the Highlands. However, the ferocity of the far northern Celtic defense meant that the Romans never pushed home the advance (although they did sail a fleet round the top of Scotland) and slowly withdrew southwards.

By 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian, had not only visited the province of Britain but had also ordered the building of a fortified wall across the north of England to keep the tribes to the north out. Many parts of this wall, named after Hadrian, can still be seen to this day.

Above left: Hadrian's Wall, northern England. Built by the Romans to ward off the incessant attacks by the Celts (called Picts) whom they had been unable to subdue in the far north of that country. Right: Emperor Hadrian, upon whose orders the wall was built.

By 212 AD, the Romans were firmly entrenched in England (as opposed to Britain) and the process of Romanization was well under way. This was speeded up by the edict of Caracalla in 212 AD granting Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire, and the resultant legalization of the already de facto situation of soldiers taking wives from the local population.

This policy, implemented throughout the Empire, did not have the same effects on the Romans in Britain or France as what it had on the Romans in the Middle or Near East - the mixing of Roman, Celtic and original European sub-groupings did not disturb the racial homogeneity of either the conquerors or the conquered peoples - they remained overwhelmingly White, while in other territories the local non-White populations soon swallowed up the White element.

In 287 AD, a revolt once again broke out in Britain, even though by this stage many Romans had become Britons and vice versa. In fact the rebellion was led by Romanized Britons and Romans who disliked the emperor of the time, Maximian (appointed as co-emperor by Diocletian). A specially dispatched Roman army had to subdue the Britons and the Roman rebels by force in 296 AD.

According to the Roman records, the rebels employed a large number of German mercenaries - ironically, many of the newly arrived Roman legionnaires were also German mercenaries. This rebellion was the last major armed action undertaken by the Romans in Britain.


ROMAN CONTROL LOST DE FACTO CIRCA 400 AD

While not mirroring the racial situation in Rome (which had by the 2nd Century AD become quite mixed with a substantial non-White influx into the Roman bloodline), Britain did however experience political instability caused by the infighting and squabbling amongst the slowly darkening Romans in Rome itself. Control over the far flung empire became more remote, till finally around 400 AD Rome had de facto lost control over their northernmost province. By this time Britain was experiencing a new wave of Nordic invaders - the Saxons and other Teutonic peoples sweeping in from Northern and Central Europe.

[Stefanus]

March of the Titans
A History Of The White Race

Chapter 15 : The Useful Foe - Rome and the Germans

The Germans had settled almost all the land which later became Germany by approximately 2000 BC. They lived a lifestyle very similar to that of the Celts - working iron, textiles, semi-precious stones, ceramics, pottery and gold, and living in villages rather than great towns. Also, like all their Indo-European cousins bar the Balts, the Germans continually made land grabs whenever the opportunity arose.

By 300 BC, they had advanced westwards as far as the Rhine river, and shortly thereafter advance tribes crossed the Rhine and settled what is today Belgium (the Romans called these tribes the Belgae, hence that country's name).

These advances invariably brought the Germans into conflict with the Celts in France, and after the Romans occupied Gaul, with the Romans themselves.


GERMAN ATTACKS ON ROME

Although a German invasion had passed through northern Italy some years before - in 113 BC (and had been eventually been overwhelmingly defeated by the Romans) they still dared from time to time to launch raiding parties into Roman occupied Gaul. In 57 BC, a German tribe, the Saubians, defeated a Celtic tribe in present day Alsace-Lorraine in France, and occupied their territory.

Julius Caesar was forced to intervene to prevent further German incursions. He defeated the German invaders, with the few survivors just managing to escape back across the Rhine River, which was becoming the firm border between Roman Gaul and Germania.


FIRST ROMAN INVASION

In 55 BC, Caesar built a wooden bridge across the Rhine, near to the present day city of Cologne, and over this first ever bridge over that river, he took the war to the Germans in their own territory. Having been beaten several times in a row by the Romans, the Germans withdrew eastward into the forests, leaving the Roman force a virtual free hand to destroy the settlements on the eastern bank of the Rhine river. After just over two weeks of plundering, the Roman army withdrew back over the bridge, declaring all of the western bank of the Rhine to be officially Roman territory.

Above: The Germans proved to the be the only people who were subject to a Roman invasion who actually managed to fight off and defeat the Caesars. Both these reliefs are from the Antoine Column, and show first a Roman unit engaging a German army, and then captured German chiefs being forced to behead each other by Roman soldiers.

SECOND ROMAN INVASION AND THE USE OF GERMAN MERCENARIES

Some two years later, in 53 BC, Caesar again crossed the Rhine and broke the threat of German tribes in Westphalia, eventually even recruiting some German mercenaries to fight with his army which he used to subdue Vercingetorix the Gaul in France.

When Caesar finally subdued the Celts, he then marched on Rome in response to Pompey's call for him to disband his army. Some 6,000 German mercenaries marched with Caesar's army to Rome - the forerunners of many thousands more who would serve in the Roman armies.

This development - the use of German and Celtic mercenaries - would play a hugely significant role in both keeping the Romans out of Germania; and in keeping the Roman Empire alive long after the majority of the original Roman stock had vanished.

After taking power in Rome, Caesar started to try and subdue the still rebellious Celts who lived in the Alps to the north of Italy. It took some 30 years for the Roman legions to finally quell these hardy mountain dwelling people, and afterwards their lands were formally annexed to Rome.


THIRD ROMAN INVASION

By 15 BC, the formal Roman border extended as far north as the Danube River and as far east as the Rhine - but over that river, still hostile Germans lurked. In 12 BC, the Romans launched a new attempt to invade the German heartland under general Drusus. Although the Germans put up stiff resistance and managed to inflict some major defeats upon the Roman forces, Drusus defeated the major German tribes and in three years managed to reach the Elbe River in central Germania.

Drusus however fell off his horse and died: he was replaced by general Tiberius (who was later to become emperor) and by 7 BC, the new commander of the Roman forces had conquered most of the territory between the Rhine and Weser rivers, and part of the lands beyond the Weser river, inhabited by a tribe known as the Cherusci. The Roman military machine rolled on, unstoppable.

On all fronts, the Germans were either forced to fall back towards the east, over the Elbe River, or faced subjugation by the Romans. It seemed that only a matter of time would pass and the Germans too would suffer the fate of the Gauls in France. Indeed, many of the tactics employed by Caesar in France began to be used against defeated German tribes under Roman control.


HERMANN CHERUSCI - TRAINED BY THE ROMANS

However, the by now established Roman policy of drawing subjugated peoples into the administration of their own territories, thereby not only Romanizing the population but also going a long way to subduing the new colonies, was also implemented in Germania. In this way two young Cherusci princes, the sons of the king of the Cherusci, were selected to be Romanized. Both young princes were sent to Rome in 1 AD.

One of the brothers became completely Romanized and took on the name Flavius, while the other kept his German name, Hermann, although the Romans gave him a new name as well: Arminius. Hermann served five years in a Roman legion, becoming a Roman citizen and employed on active service in two expeditions against other rebellious colonies. But all the while, he always retained his German roots, unlike his brother.

When Hermann was returned to his native area in 8 AD, he was employed by the Roman administration as one of their most senior soldiers and administrators in the region under the Roman general Varus: never once did the Romans suspect Hermann's true intentions, which were to throw the Romans out of his homeland.

Above left: The famous "Praying German" - a Roman statue of a German tribesman, now in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. It shows very clearly the Nordic sub-racial characteristics of the Germans who fought the Romans. Alongside: A Roman bust of Hermann Cheruscer: the German prince who defeated Rome.

BATTLE OF TEUTORBURGERWALD - DECISIVE DEFEAT FOR ROME

As soon as he was in a position to act, Hermann immediately set about organizing a rebellion amongst the Germans against Roman rule. Using his position as a German prince to influence a large number of German tribes, Hermann secretly began preparing his own great German army - no doubt using much of what he had learned during his training in the Roman army.

In 9 AD, Varus' Roman army was encamped west of the Weser river in the modern day German state of North Rhine, Westphalia. Hermann arranged to have a diversionary battle erupt to the east, and Varus immediately set off in that direction.

Hermann put his plan into action. Gathering up the German troops in the Roman army upon whom he could rely, and combining it with German tribal warriors, he set out in pursuit of Varus, catching up with the unsuspecting Roman in the thick of the Teutoburger forest, near the present day town of Detmold.

In the forest, Hermann's forces ambushed the Romans. For three days the battle raged, with Hermann employing unusual guerrilla tactics, attacking and then suddenly withdrawing into the forest before the Romans could create their set battle formations, and then attacking again a while later from a completely different direction.

Hermann knew from his training in the Roman army that the Romans did not have an adequate defense against this tactic, and after three days the Romans were exhausted. No sleep, constant attacks by German raiders and unfamiliar territory took their toll and the Roman lines broke.

Only a handful of Romans escaped from the forest to tell the tale. Most were killed in combat and those who were captured suffered the fate of many Germans and Celts who had earlier fallen into Roman hands - they were killed on the spot. News of the victory spread throughout occupied Germania, sparking off a rebellion which saw the Romans having to retreat all the way back to the western side of the Rhine river once again.

Above: A skirmish during the Battle of Teutoburgerwald, where the Germans under Hermann Cherusci defeated a mighty Roman army. This 9 AD battle marked the turning point of the Roman Empire in the West. Hermann was a Romanized German who, once appointed to a senior post in the Roman army, used his position as a German prince to organize a rebellion against Roman rule in Germania. After creating a diversion and tricking the main occupying Roman army into penetrating a forest near the present day city of Detmold, Hermann's forces ambushed the Romans in the dense woods. The Romans were crushed, and retreated west over the Rhine river. That river then became the German/Roman border. 15,000 Roman troops were killed in the battle and their remains were only buried long after by a new Roman army sent on a punitive mission - their accounts tell of piles of bleached bones and skulls nailed to trees as macabre warnings to other Romans.

Although the wars with the Germans dragged on for eight more years, by 17 AD, the Romans formerly accepted the Rhine as the border between Germania and Rome. Germania was never invaded again.

Hermann had also succeeded in at last uniting the German tribes against Rome. This unity was however short lived and once the Romans had been driven from their land, the German tribes lost little time in launching into one another again. Hermann himself was assassinated in 21 AD - by a German.

Thus Germania once again became a land of fierce and warlike tribes, all battling with each other for territory as they had done before the advent of the Roman incursions.


"A PURE AND UNMIXED RACE" - THE GERMANS

The Roman historian Tacitus, writing during the First Century AD, included the following insightful remarks on the racial nature of the Germans:

"I concur in opinion with those who deem the Germans never to have intermarried with other nations but to be a pure and unmixed race, stamped with a distinct character.

"Hence, a family likeness pervades the whole, though their numbers are great. Their eyes are stern and blue, their hair ruddy, and their bodies large..."

Above: Original Roman statues of Germans, displaying Nordic and part Nordicpart Alpine characteristics.

In what became a major twist of irony, Rome itself from the first century onwards began to rely more and more on German and Celtic mercenaries to fill the ranks of its armies.

The cause of this reliance on mercenaries is directly related to the demographic changes at work within Italy itself. Rome, with its status as capital of the Empire, had acted as a magnet for not only slaves but also immigrants from all over the world, and particularly from the Middle and Near East.


ROME INCREASINGLY MIXED

Although the Roman nobility still to a large extent maintained its original racial heritage (mixed Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean), their numbers began to decline significantly. This was due in part to their use of lead water pipes and sapa (lead acetate) as a skin lightener - a valuable racial indicator in itself. The high lead intake had the side effect of sterility, an issue which is noted as having plagued the Roman upper classes.

The lower classes of Roman society - Rome was very class conscious - had by the end of the 2nd Century AD, reached a point where a significant number had been replaced by what were in effect mixed or non-White racial types gathered from the four corners of the empire.

In his book, the Gallic Wars, Caesar, who was himself a Nordic type, compared the Romans of that time with the Gauls, remarking how blond the Gauls were and, in comparison with the Romans, how tall they were. (Caesar went on to describe Celts in Britain as being blond, but not as much so as their Celtic brethren in Gaul). This is not to say that Rome of this time was a completely non-White city - there remained of course a large number of Whites in the city, but the demographic trend was most certainly against them.

By the end of the first century and the beginning of the 2nd Century AD, the Roman army found the number of recruits from these "new" Roman residents drying up. A huge number of residents of Rome were after all foreign, even though they had taken on the ways of Rome, and either refused to serve in the army; or were simply not up to the exacting physical demands - or, more likely, preferred mercantile pursuits rather than the rigor of a military life.


GERMAN AND CELTIC MERCENARIES FILL THE RANKS OF THE ROMAN ARMY

The Germans and Celts ended up therefore being the primary source of recruits for the Roman armies - not surprisingly so, as in racial terms they were much closer to the original Romans than the majority of inhabitants of Rome itself, particularly from the 2nd Century AD onwards.

By the time of the end of Caesar's conquests of the Celts, the Roman records show that the average height of the Roman soldier had been lowered to 1.48 meters.

As the numbers of German and Celtic mercenaries increased in the Roman army, the average height began to rise - by 300 AD it had risen to 1.65 meters - an indication that the racial types of the average soldier had changed fairly substantially.

So it was that the Roman armies began to fill up with non-Roman soldiers, with Romanized Germans and Celts forming a significant - if not the majority - of not only the foot soldiers but also of the commanding officers. These Romanized Germans and Celts were to play a significant role in the remaining years of the Western Roman empire: and it was they, predictably, who formed the backbone of the resistance to the last German invasions which saw the final physical fall of Rome.

A Romanized German soldier was in fact the last (self declared) Emperor in Rome. By that date (476 AD) the last true original Romans had to all practical purposes disappeared, having been swallowed up in a mass of immigrants from the non-White regions of the empire.

Above: German mercenaries in the Roman army, as depicted on the Colonna Antonia in Rome. Within a relatively short space of time the Roman army began to rely heavily on German mercenaries to fill its ranks as White Roman numbers declined.

NEW GERMANIC INVASIONS - FRANKS, SAXONS

In the second century AD, German tribes went on the offensive against Rome and crossed the Danube. They were however bloodily defeated by a Roman army which had a significant number of these German and Celtic mercenaries in it, led by Marcus Aurelius. During the third and fourth centuries, German tribes called the Franks and the Saxons raided Roman settlements in France and Britain respectively. These smaller incursions continued until the final chapter in the saga of the German - Roman wars was to be written by the last of the Indo-European tribes to enter Europe - the Goths.