Julius Wellhausen

[Die Ou Man]

Julius Wellhausen

Julius Wellhausen (May 17, 1844 - January 7, 1918), was a German biblical scholar and Orientalist.

He was born at Hameln on the Weser, Westphalia.
Having studied theology at the University of Göttingen under Georg Heinrich August Ewald, he established himself there in 1870 as Privatdozent for Old Testament history. In 1872 he was appointed professor ordinarius of theology at Greifswald. Resigning in 1882 for reasons of conscience, he became professor extraordinarius of oriental languages in the faculty of philology at Halle, was elected professor ordinarius at Marburg in 1885, and was transferred to Göttingen in 1892 where he stayed until his death.

Wellhausen was famous for his critical investigations into Old Testament history and the composition of the Hexateuch, the uncompromising scientific attitude he adopted in testing its problems bringing him into antagonism with the older school of biblical interpreters. He is perhaps most well-known for his Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels of 1883 (first published 1878 as Geschichte Israels), in which he advanced a definitive formulation of the Documentary hypothesis, arguing that the Torah or Pentateuch had its origins in a redaction of four originally independent texts dating from several centuries after the time of Moses, their traditional author. Wellhausen's hypothesis remained the dominant paradigm for Pentateuchal studies until the last quarter of the 20th century, when it began to be challenged by scholars who saw more and more hands at work in the Torah, ascribing them to periods even later than Wellhausen had proposed.

[Die Ou Man]

Julius Wellhausen het reeds in 1878 vasgestel dat die Boeke van Moses (Pentateugh / Torah) nie deur Moses geskryf is nie. (Dit is die eerste vyf boeke van die Ou Testament.)

Wellhausen se Documentary hypothesis het reeds meer as 'n eeu gelede 'n streep deur dominee se weergawe van die Pentateug getrek.

Liefde groete.

Die Ou Man

[Die Ou Man]

Documentary Hypothesis

Diagram of the Documentary Hypothesis.
* includes most of Leviticus
† includes most of Deuteronomy
‡ "Deuteronomic history": Joshua, Judges, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1& 2 Kings

The documentary hypothesis (DH) proposes that the first five books of the Old Testament (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, known collectively as the Torah or Pentateuch), represent a combination of documents from four originally independent sources. According to the influential version of the hypothesis formulated by Julius Wellhausen (1844 - 1918) these sources and the approximate dates of their composition were:

• the J, or Jahwist, source; written c. 950 BC in the southern kingdom of Judah. (The name Yahweh begins with a J in Wellhausen's native German.)
• the E, or Elohist, source; written c. 850 BC in the northern kingdom of Israel.
• the D, or Deuteronomist, source; written c. 621 BC in Jerusalem during a period of religious reform.
• the P, or Priestly, source; written c. 450 BC by Aaronid priests.

The editor who combined the sources into the final Pentateuch is known as R, for Redactor, and might have been Ezra.

"Starting from the simple question of how to reconcile inconsistencies in the text, and refusing to accept forced explanations to harmonize them, scholars eventually arrived at the theory that the Torah was composed of selections woven together from several, at times inconsistent, sources dealing with the same and related subjects. The reasoning followed in this kind of analysis is somewhat similar to that of the Talmudic sages and later rabbis who held that inconsistent clauses and terminology in a single paragraph of the Mishna must have originated with different sages, and who recognized that Moses could not have written passages of the Torah that contain information unavailable to him, such as the last chapter of Deuteronomy, which describes his death and its aftermath."

According to Wellhausen, the four sources present a picture of Israel's religious history, which he saw as one of ever-increasing centralization and priestly power. Wellhausen's hypothesis became the dominant view on the origin of the Pentateuch for much of the 20th century. Most contemporary Bible experts accept some form of the documentary hypothesis, and scholars continue to draw on Wellhausen's terminology and insights.

[Die Ou Man]

Diagram of the Documentary Hypothesis.
* includes most of Leviticus
† includes most of Deuteronomy
‡ "Deuteronomic history": Joshua, Judges, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1& 2 Kings

J, (Jahwehis) in die diagram verteenwoordig die Jahweh verhaal wat in die Bybel ter aanvang neem in Genesis 2:4. Die woord Jahweh is in die afrikaanse Bybel vertaal as "HERE", volledig in hoofletters en nie te verwar met die titel Here nie. Vanaf Genesis 2:4 word die skeppingsverhaal van die Joods/Arabiese God, Jahweh/Allah vertel.

E, in die diagram verteenwoordig die Elohim verhaal wat in die Bybel ter aanvang neem in Genesis 1:1. Die woord Elohim is in die afrikaanse Bybel vertaal as "God".

Jahweh (Genesis 2:4) is die jaloerse God van die Judeërs (Suidryk) en Elohim die God en Godin van die Israeliete (Noordryk).

Die verhaal van die Elohim (Genesis 1) en die verhaal van die jaloerse Jahweh/Allah (Genesis 2:4) is tydens die Babiloniese ballingskap saamgevoeg om een verhaal te vorm. Daarom stel Genesis 2:4 'n nuwe god, naamlik Jahweh Elohim (HERE God) bekend (JE in die diagram). Amper asof die Elohim en Jahweh in Babilon 'n korrupte regering van nasionale eenheid gevorm het.

Die persoon wat van hierdie korrupsie verdink word is Esra.

Liefde groete.

Die Ou Man

[Die Ou Man]

Tydens die ballingskap in Babilon is die Elohim (God en Godin) deur 'n anonieme skrywer (waarskynlik Esra) wederegtelik met Jahweh/Allah in die eg verbind. (Klink vir my na owerspel of prostitusie.)

Die godheid wat gebore is uit die owerspel by Babilon, naamlik Jahweh Elohim (HERE God) sou uiteindelik die god van die Rooms Katolieke Kerk word. En die aardse koning van daardie prostituut godheid sou genoem word, die pous.

1 EN een van die sewe engele met die sewe skale het gekom en met my gespreek en vir my gesê: Kom hierheen, ek sal jou toon die oordeel van die groot hoer wat op die baie waters sit,

2 met wie die konings van die aarde gehoereer het, en die bewoners van die aarde het dronk geword van die wyn van haar hoerery.

3 En hy het my in die gees weggevoer na 'n woestyn, en ek het 'n vrou sien sit op 'n skarlakenrooi dier, vol godslasterlike name, met sewe koppe en tien horings.

4 En die vrou was bekleed met purper en skarlaken en versierd met goud en kosbare stene en pêrels, en sy het in haar hand 'n goue beker gehad, vol gruwels en die onreinheid van haar hoerery;

5 en op haar voorhoof was 'n naam geskrywe: Verborgenheid, die groot Babilon, die moeder van die hoere en van die gruwels van die aarde.

6 En ek het die vrou gesien, dronk van die bloed van die heiliges en van die bloed van die getuies van Jesus, en ek het my uitermate verwonder toe ek haar sien.

7 Toe sê die engel vir my: Waarom het jy jou verwonder? Ek sal jou die verborgenheid van die vrou vertel en van die dier met die sewe koppe en die tien horings, wat haar dra.

8 Die dier wat jy gesien het, was en is nie, en sal uit die afgrond opkom en na die verderf vaar; en die bewoners van die aarde wie se name nie van die grondlegging van die wêreld af in die boek van die lewe geskryf is nie, sal hulle verwonder as hulle die dier sien wat was en nie is nie, alhoewel hy is.

9 Hier kom die verstand wat wysheid het, te pas. Die sewe koppe is sewe berge waar die vrou op sit.

10 En hulle is sewe konings: vyf het geval en een is; die ander een het nog nie gekom nie; en wanneer hy kom, moet hy 'n kort tydjie bly.

11 En die dier wat was en nie is nie, is self ook die agtste, en hy behoort by die sewe en gaan na die verderf.

12 En die tien horings wat jy gesien het, is tien konings wat nog geen koningskap ontvang het nie, maar hulle ontvang mag soos konings een uur lank saam met die dier.

13 Hulle het een gesindheid en sal hulle krag en mag oorgee aan die dier.

14 Hulle sal teen die Lam oorlog voer, en die Lam sal hulle oorwin -- want Hy is die Here van die here en die Koning van die konings -- en die wat saam met Hom is, geroepe en uitverkore en getrou.

15 En hy sê vir my: Die waters wat jy gesien het, waar die hoer op sit, is volke en menigtes en nasies en tale.

16 En die tien horings wat jy op die dier gesien het, hulle sal die hoer haat en haar verlate maak en naak, en haar vlees eet en haar met vuur verbrand.

17 Want God het dit in hulle harte gegee om sy bedoeling uit te voer en een bedoeling uit te voer, en hulle heerskappy aan die dier te gee totdat die woorde van God volbring is.

18 En die vrou wat jy gesien het, is die groot stad wat heerskappy voer oor die konings van die aarde.

Openbaring 17

Die kerk van ons dag aanbid 'n godheid wat in Babilon in die eg verbind is.

Daarom verwys Openbaring 17 na die hedendaagse Katolieke kerk as die hoer van Babilon.

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Die Ou Man

[Die Ou Man]

Dit is insiggewend om te verneem van wie die opdrag gekom het om die verskillende geskrifte met mekaar te trou.

The Torah Redactor (R) is, according to the Documentary Hypothesis (DH), the figure who assembled hypothetical source texts of the Torah—the Deuteronomist text (D), the Priestly text P, and JE (an earlier joining of the Jahwist text [J] and the Elohist text [E])—into a single work.

The Documentary Hypothesis postulates that the Persian emperor, wishing to promote Hebrew national unity after the Babylonian exile, promulgated the redaction of the hypothetical JE, P, and D texts. JE and P contained rival histories and rival religious views, P and D contained rival law codes. Both had to be kept to avoid alienating each group, but the differences needed to be minimized so that people could be certain what the law code and history was.

Nou weet ons ook dat die opdrag om die tekste te herskryf om 'n godsdiens van nasionale eenheid te vestig, van die Persiese koning kom.

Ons het nou agter die kap van die byl gekom en kan dus nou sien waarom daar soveel teenstrydighede in die Ou Testament voorkom.

Die Pentateugh is die produk van 'n politieke motief.

Liefde groete.

Die Ou Man

[Die Ou Man]

Die Elohim skeppingsverhaal is vervat in Genesis 1:1 tot Genesis 2:3. Hieroor is daar algemene konsensus.

Elohim (el-o-heem')

God, Judge, Creator

Use in the Bible:

In the Old Testament Elohim occurs over 2000 times. Elohim is first used in Gen 1:1.

Variant spellings:

None

TWOT Reference:

93c

Strong's Reference:

0430

Gen 1:1

In the beginning 07225 God 0430 created 01254 0853 the heaven 08064 and 0853 the earth 0776.

Hebrew for H430

אלהים

Transliteration

elohiym

Outline of Biblical Usage

1) (plural)
a) rulers, judges
b) divine ones
c) angels
d) gods
2) (plural intensive - singular meaning)
a) god, goddess
b) godlike one
c) works or special possessions of God
d) the (true) God
e) God

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Die Ou Man

[Die Ou Man]

Daar is eensgesindheid aangaande die feit dat die Jahweh verhaal in Genesis 2:4 begin.

Yahweh or Jehovah (yah-weh)

Lord, Jehovah

Use in the Bible:

In the Old Testament Yahweh occurs 6,519 times. This name is used more than any other name of God. Yahweh is first used in Gen 2:4.

Variant spellings:

YHWH, Jehovah

TWOT Reference:

484a

Strong's Reference:

3068

Gen 2:4

These 0428 [are] the generations 08435 of the heavens 08064 and of the earth 0776 when they were created 01254 , in the day 03117 that the LORD 03068 God 0430 made 06213 the earth 0776 and the heavens 08064,

Yahweh in the Septuagint:

kurios — Lord, Master
despotês — Lord, Master, denoting the omnipotence of God (TDNT), despot, absolute ruler

Meaning and Derivation:

Yahweh is the promised name of God. This name of God which (by Jewish tradition) is too holy to voice, is actually spelled "YHWH" without vowels. YHWH is referred to as the Tetragrammaton (which simply means "the four letters"). YHWH comes from the Hebrew letters: Yud, Hay, Vav, Hay. While YHWH is first used in Genesis 2...

Daar is nie ruimte vir misverstand nie. Die Skepper van hemel en aarde van Genesis 1 is die Elohim en die god van die tweede skeppingsverhaal van Genesis 2 is die jaloerse Jahweh.

Liefde groete.

Die Ou Man

[Die Ou Man]

Julius Wellhausen se ontdekking was veronderstel om die geestelike stratefikasie te herrangskik. Maar inteendeel, sy fenominale ontdekking is onder die mat ingevee.

Ek sluit hierdie gesprek af met die hoogs belangrike gedeelte waarin Noag die onderskeid tussen die Elohim en die jaloerse Jahweh finaal beklemtoon.

Genesis 9.

26 Verder het hy gesê: Geseënd is die HERE, die God van Sem. Maar Kanaän moet sy dienskneg wees.

27 Mag God aan Jafet ruimte verskaf, en mag hy woon in die tente van Sem! Maar Kanaän moet sy dienskneg wees.

Die HERE (Jahweh) is die god van Sem en God (Elohim) is die God van Jafet.

Liefde groete.

Die Ou Man

[Die Ou Man]

Die tradisie om Moses as outeur van die Pentateug voor te hou, is vir eeue deur Joodse priesters en ortodokse Christene verkondig.

Traditional Authorship

Classical Judaism regards Moses as the author of the Pentateuch, receiving it from God either as divine inspiration or as direct dictation together with the Oral Torah. The Talmud says that God dictated four books of the Torah, but that Moses wrote Deuteronomy in his own words (Bavli, Meg. 31b).

Wellhausen was nie die eerste om Moses as tradisionele skrywer van die Pentateug te betwis nie.

In 1651 Thomas Hobbes, in chapter 33 of Leviathan, marshaled a battery of evidence that the Pentateuch could not all be by Moses, noting passages such as Deut 34:6 ("no man knoweth of his sepulchre to this day," implying an author living long after Moses' death); Gen 12:6 ("and the Canaanite was then in the land," implying an author living in a time when the Canaanite was no longer in the land); and Num 21:14 (referring to a previous book of Moses' deeds), and concluded that none of these could be by Moses.

Others, including Isaac de la Peyrère, Baruch Spinoza, Richard Simon, and John Hampden came to the same conclusion, but their works were condemned, several of them were imprisoned and forced to recant, and an attempt was made on Spinoza's life.

Wellhausen se betoog word ook deur die Bybel self bevestig.

Liefde groete.

Die Ou Man